Exam 3 Excretion, Hormones, Bones Flashcards
Bowman’s capsule –
Filtrate leaves the glomerulus and enters the 1st portion or Bowman’s capsule of the nephron.
Blood cells or large molecules such as plasma proteins don’t enter the capsule.
The nephron –
Processes filtrate and produces urine
Glomerulus is…
A knot of capillaries
Filtrate consists of…?
Water, salts, glucose, vitamins, amino acids, nutrients, and nitrogenous waste.
Podocytes –
Wrap around the the capillaries of the glomerulus and filter the blood to produce the filtrate that enters the capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), NaCl, some water, K+, and nutrients such as glucose are sent back to the body. H+ and ammonia (NH3) enter the tubule.
Loop of Henle
The primary function is to return water to the body.
Fresh water animals have short loops. Desert and salt water animals animals have long loops
Distal convoluted tubule
NaCl, some water, and HCO3- are returned to the body.
K+ and H+ enter the tubule.
Collecting duct
Contains finished and concentrated urine.
NaCl, urea, and some water can be sent back to the body.
Urine consists of…?
Water, salt, and urea.
Antidiuretic hormone –
Is produced by the hypothalamus, also called vasopressin.
ADH causes more water to be returned to the body from the collecting duct and produces more concentrated urine.
Alcohol inhibits the production of ADH and produces more watery urine.
Osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus monitor…?
The osmolarity of blood and regulate the release of ADH
Aldosterone
Produced by the adrenal glands.
This hormone causes the distal convoluted tubule to send more water and Na+ (sodium) back to the body, increasing blood volume and pressure.
Reabsorption
The process of returning water and usable materials back to the blood in the capillaries around the nephron.
Osmoregulation in annelid worm –
Nephridia
Osmoregulation in planarian
Flame cells
Osmoregulation in insect
Malphigian tubes
Osmoregulation in fogs, pigs, humans, etc…
Kidneys
Osmoregulation in cnidarians
Direct cellular exchange
Renal artery
Carries blood and waste to the kidney
Renal vein
After filtrate is removed from the blood, the blood exits the kidney via the renal vein
Kidney
Contains nephrons and is responsible for making urine
Renal pelvis
Hollow collecting area in the kidney. Urine moves from the renal pelvis to the ureter
Ureter
Hollow, muscular tube that moves urine via peristalsis to the urinary bladder in jets, ~ 3-4 per min.
Urinary bladder
Hollow, muscular organ that stores urine
Urethra
Hollow tube that expels urine to the outside of the body
Fresh water animals waste
Ammonia, toxic, conserves no water
Land mammals waste
Urea, less toxic, conserves some water
Marine or desert animals waste
Uric acid, less toxic, conserves most water
Skin
Largest excretory organ.
Removes water, salt, and urea in the form of sweat
Lungs
Excretory organ. Removes water and CO2.
Liver
Excretory organ. Processes and removes bile pigments and produces urea.
Kidney
Excretory organ. Produces urine and removes water, salts, and urea.
Endocrine
Without a duct. Hormone is released directly into the fluid surrounding the …
I.e. Pituitary gland, thyroid gland
Exocrine
Has a duct and product is excreted from the duct.
I.e. Salivary gland, silk gland, mammary gland
Target cell
The cell that a hormone will have an effect on and causes a metabolic change
Paracrine
The secreted hormone has an effect on the cells near the secreting cells
Autocrine
The secreted molecule has an effect on the secreting cells
Neurohormone
Specialized neurons in the brain secrete molecules that diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream and diffuse to their target cell.
I.e. ADH
Neurotransmitter
Chemicals such as acetylcholine that diffuse between the space or synapses between neurons
Peptide hormone
Such as oxytocin or insulin – a string of amino acids
Steroid hormone
From the parent molecule of cholesterol
I.e. Estrogen or testosterone
Amine hormone
Contains NH3 or amine group
I.e. Thyroxin
Hypothalamus gland
Actually a group of nerves at the base of the brain. It integrates the endocrine and nervous system. Hormones that it produces are stored in the posterior pituitary.
Pituitary gland
Posterior – stores and secretes 2 hormones made by the hypothalamus gland – oxytocin and ADH.
Anterior – growth hormone, prolactin, FSH, LH, thyroid stimulating hormone.
Thyroid gland
Produces thyroxin which maintains metabolic process and calcitonin which lowers blood levels of calcium by depositing excess calcium in bone.
Parathyroid
Produces parathyroid hormone which raises blood levels of calcium
Pineal gland
Senses dark and produces melatonin which makes you sleepy. Dark days of winter can cause SAD or Seasonal Attitude Disorder due to excess melatonin production during the day.
Adrenal gland
Found above each kidney
Adrenal medulla
Produces epinephrine or adrenaline.
Raises blood glucose levels and metabolic rate. Sets up for fight or flight response.
Adrenal cortex
Produces glucocorticoids or hydrocortisone.
Raises blood glucose levels and promotes reabsorption of Na+ and K+ in the kidney with the production of aldosterone.
Pancreas
Produces insulin which causes cells to take up sugar, lowing blood sugar, and glucagon which converts glycogen stored in the liver to glucose, which is then released to the blood.
Human skeleton contains ___ bones.
206
Appendicular skeleton
Consists of the arms and legs, and the pelvic and pectoral girdles.
Axial skeleton
Consists of the cranium, ossicles or ear bones, hyoid bones, vertebral column, rib cage, and sternum.
Vertebral column
Consists of 33 bones.
C1 = atlas – allows you to nod yes
C2 = axis and a pin – allows you to nod no
Sacrum
Consists of 5 fused bones and assume 4 coccyx bones that articulate with the sacrum and make up the tail bone. # varies between 3-5.
Ribs
All are fused to the vertebrae in the back. 2 are free floating and not attached to the front. 5 are fused into the intercostals ridge. 5 are fused to the sternum.
Arm
Humerus, ulna, radius
Leg
Femur, tibia, fibia
Compact bone
Is very dense, strong, and found in the shaft of bones
Spongy bone
Is spongelike, found in wide areas of bone, and contains marrow
Osteocyte
A bone cell that produces the calcium carbonate matrix
Lamellae
Thin layers of bone that resemble tree rings
Haversian canal
The blood and nerve supply of bone runs through a central canal in each Haversian canal or osteon.
Sutures
A thin line of cartilage found between the skull bones. It allows them to flex slightly.
Intervertebral disc
Pads of cartilage in the spine which allow some movement such as bending, and act as shock absorbers.
Hinge joint
Found in the elbow and knee. It allows 180 degrees of motion.
Ball and socket joint
Found in the hip and shoulder. They allow 360 degrees of motion.
Fontanels
An area of dense connective tissue in the skull of a new born baby. Later it is replaced by bone. Generally called a “soft spot.” Allows the skull bones to flex during child birth.
Illium
The large, wing like bone of the upper hip.
Ischium
Forms the outer portion of the hip socket
Pubis
Forms the inner portion of the hip socket
