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Bio 111 > Exam 3 Excretion, Hormones, Bones > Flashcards

Exam 3 Excretion, Hormones, Bones Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Bowman’s capsule –

A

Filtrate leaves the glomerulus and enters the 1st portion or Bowman’s capsule of the nephron.
Blood cells or large molecules such as plasma proteins don’t enter the capsule.

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1
Q

The nephron –

A

Processes filtrate and produces urine

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2
Q

Glomerulus is…

A

A knot of capillaries

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3
Q

Filtrate consists of…?

A

Water, salts, glucose, vitamins, amino acids, nutrients, and nitrogenous waste.

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4
Q

Podocytes –

A

Wrap around the the capillaries of the glomerulus and filter the blood to produce the filtrate that enters the capsule

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5
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A 
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), NaCl, some water, K+, and nutrients such as glucose are sent back to the body.
H+ and ammonia (NH3) enter the tubule.
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6
Q

Loop of Henle

A

The primary function is to return water to the body.

Fresh water animals have short loops. Desert and salt water animals animals have long loops

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7
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

NaCl, some water, and HCO3- are returned to the body.

K+ and H+ enter the tubule.

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8
Q

Collecting duct

A

Contains finished and concentrated urine.

NaCl, urea, and some water can be sent back to the body.

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9
Q

Urine consists of…?

A

Water, salt, and urea.

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10
Q

Antidiuretic hormone –

A

Is produced by the hypothalamus, also called vasopressin.
ADH causes more water to be returned to the body from the collecting duct and produces more concentrated urine.
Alcohol inhibits the production of ADH and produces more watery urine.

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11
Q

Osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus monitor…?

A

The osmolarity of blood and regulate the release of ADH

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12
Q

Aldosterone

A

Produced by the adrenal glands.
This hormone causes the distal convoluted tubule to send more water and Na+ (sodium) back to the body, increasing blood volume and pressure.

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13
Q

Reabsorption

A

The process of returning water and usable materials back to the blood in the capillaries around the nephron.

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14
Q

Osmoregulation in annelid worm –

A

Nephridia

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15
Q

Osmoregulation in planarian

A

Flame cells

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16
Q

Osmoregulation in insect

A

Malphigian tubes

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17
Q

Osmoregulation in fogs, pigs, humans, etc…

A

Kidneys

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18
Q

Osmoregulation in cnidarians

A

Direct cellular exchange

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19
Q

Renal artery

A

Carries blood and waste to the kidney

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20
Q

Renal vein

A

After filtrate is removed from the blood, the blood exits the kidney via the renal vein

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21
Q

Kidney

A

Contains nephrons and is responsible for making urine

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22
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Hollow collecting area in the kidney. Urine moves from the renal pelvis to the ureter

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23
Q

Ureter

A

Hollow, muscular tube that moves urine via peristalsis to the urinary bladder in jets, ~ 3-4 per min.

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24
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Hollow, muscular organ that stores urine

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25
Q

Urethra

A

Hollow tube that expels urine to the outside of the body

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26
Q

Fresh water animals waste

A

Ammonia, toxic, conserves no water

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27
Q

Land mammals waste

A

Urea, less toxic, conserves some water

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28
Q

Marine or desert animals waste

A

Uric acid, less toxic, conserves most water

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29
Q

Skin

A

Largest excretory organ.

Removes water, salt, and urea in the form of sweat

30
Q

Lungs

A

Excretory organ. Removes water and CO2.

31
Q

Liver

A

Excretory organ. Processes and removes bile pigments and produces urea.

32
Q

Kidney

A

Excretory organ. Produces urine and removes water, salts, and urea.

33
Q

Endocrine

A

Without a duct. Hormone is released directly into the fluid surrounding the …
I.e. Pituitary gland, thyroid gland

34
Q

Exocrine

A

Has a duct and product is excreted from the duct.

I.e. Salivary gland, silk gland, mammary gland

35
Q

Target cell

A

The cell that a hormone will have an effect on and causes a metabolic change

36
Q

Paracrine

A

The secreted hormone has an effect on the cells near the secreting cells

37
Q

Autocrine

A

The secreted molecule has an effect on the secreting cells

38
Q

Neurohormone

A

Specialized neurons in the brain secrete molecules that diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream and diffuse to their target cell.
I.e. ADH

39
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemicals such as acetylcholine that diffuse between the space or synapses between neurons

40
Q

Peptide hormone

A

Such as oxytocin or insulin – a string of amino acids

41
Q

Steroid hormone

A

From the parent molecule of cholesterol

I.e. Estrogen or testosterone

42
Q

Amine hormone

A

Contains NH3 or amine group

I.e. Thyroxin

43
Q

Hypothalamus gland

A

Actually a group of nerves at the base of the brain. It integrates the endocrine and nervous system. Hormones that it produces are stored in the posterior pituitary.

44
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Posterior – stores and secretes 2 hormones made by the hypothalamus gland – oxytocin and ADH.
Anterior – growth hormone, prolactin, FSH, LH, thyroid stimulating hormone.

45
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Produces thyroxin which maintains metabolic process and calcitonin which lowers blood levels of calcium by depositing excess calcium in bone.

46
Q

Parathyroid

A

Produces parathyroid hormone which raises blood levels of calcium

47
Q

Pineal gland

A

Senses dark and produces melatonin which makes you sleepy. Dark days of winter can cause SAD or Seasonal Attitude Disorder due to excess melatonin production during the day.

48
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Found above each kidney

49
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Produces epinephrine or adrenaline.

Raises blood glucose levels and metabolic rate. Sets up for fight or flight response.

50
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Produces glucocorticoids or hydrocortisone.

Raises blood glucose levels and promotes reabsorption of Na+ and K+ in the kidney with the production of aldosterone.

51
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces insulin which causes cells to take up sugar, lowing blood sugar, and glucagon which converts glycogen stored in the liver to glucose, which is then released to the blood.

52
Q

Human skeleton contains ___ bones.

A

206

53
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Consists of the arms and legs, and the pelvic and pectoral girdles.

54
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Consists of the cranium, ossicles or ear bones, hyoid bones, vertebral column, rib cage, and sternum.

55
Q

Vertebral column

A

Consists of 33 bones.
C1 = atlas – allows you to nod yes
C2 = axis and a pin – allows you to nod no

56
Q

Sacrum

A

Consists of 5 fused bones and assume 4 coccyx bones that articulate with the sacrum and make up the tail bone. # varies between 3-5.

57
Q

Ribs

A

All are fused to the vertebrae in the back. 2 are free floating and not attached to the front. 5 are fused into the intercostals ridge. 5 are fused to the sternum.

58
Q

Arm

A

Humerus, ulna, radius

59
Q

Leg

A

Femur, tibia, fibia

60
Q

Compact bone

A

Is very dense, strong, and found in the shaft of bones

61
Q

Spongy bone

A

Is spongelike, found in wide areas of bone, and contains marrow

62
Q

Osteocyte

A

A bone cell that produces the calcium carbonate matrix

63
Q

Lamellae

A

Thin layers of bone that resemble tree rings

64
Q

Haversian canal

A

The blood and nerve supply of bone runs through a central canal in each Haversian canal or osteon.

65
Q

Sutures

A

A thin line of cartilage found between the skull bones. It allows them to flex slightly.

66
Q

Intervertebral disc

A

Pads of cartilage in the spine which allow some movement such as bending, and act as shock absorbers.

67
Q

Hinge joint

A

Found in the elbow and knee. It allows 180 degrees of motion.

68
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Found in the hip and shoulder. They allow 360 degrees of motion.

69
Q

Fontanels

A

An area of dense connective tissue in the skull of a new born baby. Later it is replaced by bone. Generally called a “soft spot.” Allows the skull bones to flex during child birth.

70
Q

Illium

A

The large, wing like bone of the upper hip.

71
Q

Ischium

A

Forms the outer portion of the hip socket

72
Q

Pubis

A

Forms the inner portion of the hip socket

Bio 111 (12 decks)

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