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Physiological Systems > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

vascular plants

A

ferns, seed plants, gymno and angiosperms

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2
Q

angiosperms

A

monocots and eudicots, the flowering plants

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3
Q

monocots

A

one cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue, no main root, pollen with one opening, flowers in multiples of three

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4
Q

eudicots

A

two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissue in a ring, main root, pollen with three openings, flowers in multiples of 4-5

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5
Q

photosynthetic autotrophs

A

make their own food via photosynthesis

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6
Q

terrestrial

A

on land

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7
Q

cell wall

A

has cellulose, rigid, maintains shape

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8
Q

cellulose

A

makes cell wall, protein/carb complex

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9
Q

pectin

A

protein network in cell wall

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10
Q

chloroplasts

A

used for photosynthesis

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11
Q

vacuole

A

storage unit. can expand or contract with water

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12
Q

plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasmic bridges that link plants

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13
Q

endosymbiosis

A

what happened to the chloroplasts and the mitochondria

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14
Q

proto-mitochondrion prokaryote

A

the mitochondrion bacteria that goes into the cells

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15
Q

proto-eukaryote

A

original eukaryote without mitochondria

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16
Q

endo-symbiote

A

the plant with the mitochondria bacteria

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17
Q

protochloroplast prokaryote

A

chloroplast before it goes into plants

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18
Q

roots

A

they ground the plants and allow water and nutrients to be taken up.

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19
Q

stem

A

body of the plant with xylem and phloem

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20
Q

leaves

A

provide glucose through photosynthesis and have stomata for transpiration

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21
Q

dermal cells

A

surface cells of the leaves and stem

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22
Q

mesophyll cells

A

cells that perform photosynthesis

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23
Q

shoot apical bud

A

the flower originates just below this

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24
Q

xylem

A

water and minerals

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25
Q

phloem

A

nutrients

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26
Q

sieve tubes

A

have cytoplasm but no nucleus or ribosomes. they align head to tail in the developing plant

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27
Q

companion cells

A

living cells that connect to sieve tube cells via plasmodesmata and help maintain the sieve tube cells.

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28
Q

stomata

A

pores on the underside of leaves.

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29
Q

cuticle

A

waxy cuticle protects the plant.

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30
Q

guard cell

A

open and close stomata

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31
Q

turgid

A

swollen cell, opens the guard cells

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32
Q

apoplastic route

A

flow through cell walls

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33
Q

symplastic route

A

if H2O, minerals, or organic building blocks enter epidermal cell, these substances move via symplastic flow to the endodermis cells.

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34
Q

transmembrane route

A

method of getting water and nutrients into plants

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35
Q

primary active transport

A

leads to higher concentrations of these substances in the roots compared to surrounding soil

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36
Q

passive diffusion

A

diffusion without pumps

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37
Q

passive channel

A

Na and K channels that follow concentration gradient

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38
Q

aquaporins

A

channels in transfer of water

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39
Q

antiport

A

they pump Na+ out of the cell

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40
Q

xylem sap

A

the liquid moving through the xylem

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41
Q

vessels

A

long, continuous tubes of reinforced plant walls. these cells are dead

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42
Q

tracheid

A

long, continuous tubes of reinforced plant walls. these cells are dead

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43
Q

parenchymal cell

A

alive and contribute to osmotic gradient in xylem tubes

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44
Q

sieve tube cell

A

sugar-conducting cell running length of the plant

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45
Q

sieve tube plate

A

most flowering plants

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46
Q

translocation of sugars in phloem system

A

sugar moving down a concentration gradient

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47
Q

phloem sap

A

an aqueous solution that is high in sucrose

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48
Q

sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

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49
Q

sugar source

A

an organ that is a net producer of sugar, such as mature leaves

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50
Q

sugar sink

A

an organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar, such as roots, buds, and fruits

51
Q

root tips

A

where uptake of water, minerals, and organic building blocks occurs

52
Q

root hairs

A

much of the surface area of the root. an extension of the epidermis cells

53
Q

epidermis (root)

A

outer layer of cells, no cuticle

54
Q

cortex (root)

A

layers inside the epidermal cells

55
Q

stele (root)

A

central part of the root or stem.

56
Q

endodermis (root)

A

these cells sort what enters the stele. linked by casparian strips

57
Q

casparian strip

A

hydrophobic cell wall linking endodermis.

58
Q

guttation

A

the exudation of water droplets on tips or edges of leaves

59
Q

cohensive tension hypothesis

A

transpiration and water cohesion pull water from roots to shoots

60
Q

capillary action

A

transpiration and water cohesion pull water from roots to shoots

61
Q

complete flower

A

stamen, filament, anther, carpel, petal, sepal, etc

62
Q

incomplete flower

A

carpel only (female) or anthers only (male)

63
Q

stamen

A

male reproductive organ

64
Q

filament

A

the little neck with the anther on top

65
Q

anther

A

source of male gamete

66
Q

carpel

A

ovary, stigma, style-female reproductive organs

67
Q

pistil

A

ovary, stigma, style-female reproductive organs

68
Q

stigma

A

tip of appendage

69
Q

style

A

length of appendage

70
Q

ovary

A

contains seed

71
Q

petal

A

modified leaves, helps attract pollinators

72
Q

sepal

A

modified leaves, protects the petals, stamen, and carpel

73
Q

microsporangium

A

one part of the anther

74
Q

microsporocyte

A

2N, many of these inside microsporangium

75
Q

pollen tetrad

A

four immature pollen grains

76
Q

mature pollen

A

two cells: large tube cell and generative cell (sperm cell)

77
Q

generative cell

A

sperm cell

78
Q

tube cell

A

larger cell in mature pollen grain

79
Q

ovule

A

a chamber that has the megaspore mother cell (2N)

80
Q

megaspore mother cell

A

undergoes meiosis to form 4 daughter cells

81
Q

megaspore

A

3 of 4 daughter cells degenerate, leaving the megaspore

82
Q

antipodal cell

A

in metazooan female gamete, three small 1N antipodal cells

83
Q

synergid cell

A

in metazooan female gamete, two small 1N synergid cells

84
Q

polar nuclei

A

combines with other two polar nuclei to make a 3N endosperm cell

85
Q

endosperm

A

the fruit

86
Q

ovum

A

1 egg (1N)

87
Q

pollinators

A

bees, butterflies, etc

88
Q

nectar

A

water source of the sugars fructose, glucose, and sucrose. also little protein, salt, acid, vitamins, and essential oils

89
Q

nectaries

A

located in flowers and can be located on petals, and all over

90
Q

pollen tube

A

the tube part of internal fertilization, how things move in

91
Q

seed coat

A

outer covering of a seed

92
Q

pericarp

A

the part of a fruit formed from the wall of a ripened ovary

93
Q

germinate

A

baby plant growing from seed

94
Q

hypocotyl

A

becomes the stem, leaves, and flower

95
Q

shoot apical meristem

A

growing end of the stem

96
Q

procambium

A

develops into xylem and phloem

97
Q

root apical meristem

A

growing end of the root network

98
Q

cotyledons

A

embryonic leaves (photosynthesis)

99
Q

chloroplast

A

performs phososynthesis

100
Q

photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

101
Q

photoautotrophs

A

makes own food

102
Q

mesophyll

A

where the chloroplasts are

103
Q

chloroplast outer membrane

A

signal transduction, protein import, lipid biosynthesis and remodeling, exchange of ions and numerous metabolites, plastid division, movement, and host defense

104
Q

chloroplast inner membrane

A

electron transport and the chemiosmotic generation of ATP

105
Q

stroma

A

Fluid filled interior of the
Chloroplast.

106
Q

thylakoid

A

where light reaction occurs

107
Q

grana

A

a stack of
Thylakoids; site of the Light
Reaction

108
Q

chlorophyll

A

the pigment that gives
leaves their green color, resides in
the thylakoid membranes and
absorbs energy from light
(tranduction process)

109
Q

transduction process

A

absorbs energy from light

110
Q

coenzymes

A

shuttles for electrons

111
Q

coenzyme reduced

A

when the coenzyme bus accepts electrons

112
Q

coenzyme oxidized

A

when the coenzyme bus donates electrons

113
Q

light reaction

A

requires light,

114
Q

water splitting complex

A

splits water, makes ATP for dark reaction

115
Q

photosystem 2

A

the first one

116
Q

plastoquinone

A

electron shuttle from photosystem 2 to cytochrome b6f complex

117
Q

cytochrom b6f complex

A

proton pump

118
Q

photosystem 1

A

second photosystem

119
Q

ferredoxin

A

electorn shuttle from PS1 to NADP reductase

120
Q

NADP reductase

A

reduces NADP to ATP

121
Q

ATP synthase

A

makes ATP

122
Q

dark reaction-calvin cycle

A

make more ATP

123
Q

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

A

each H has an energy-enhanced electron

124
Q

phosphate/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate antiport=triosephosphate exchanger

A

product of the dark reaction

Physiological Systems (7 decks)

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