Plants Flashcards
vascular plants
ferns, seed plants, gymno and angiosperms
angiosperms
monocots and eudicots, the flowering plants
monocots
one cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue, no main root, pollen with one opening, flowers in multiples of three
eudicots
two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissue in a ring, main root, pollen with three openings, flowers in multiples of 4-5
photosynthetic autotrophs
make their own food via photosynthesis
terrestrial
on land
cell wall
has cellulose, rigid, maintains shape
cellulose
makes cell wall, protein/carb complex
pectin
protein network in cell wall
chloroplasts
used for photosynthesis
vacuole
storage unit. can expand or contract with water
plasmodesmata
cytoplasmic bridges that link plants
endosymbiosis
what happened to the chloroplasts and the mitochondria
proto-mitochondrion prokaryote
the mitochondrion bacteria that goes into the cells
proto-eukaryote
original eukaryote without mitochondria
endo-symbiote
the plant with the mitochondria bacteria
protochloroplast prokaryote
chloroplast before it goes into plants
roots
they ground the plants and allow water and nutrients to be taken up.
stem
body of the plant with xylem and phloem
leaves
provide glucose through photosynthesis and have stomata for transpiration
dermal cells
surface cells of the leaves and stem
mesophyll cells
cells that perform photosynthesis
shoot apical bud
the flower originates just below this
xylem
water and minerals
phloem
nutrients
sieve tubes
have cytoplasm but no nucleus or ribosomes. they align head to tail in the developing plant
companion cells
living cells that connect to sieve tube cells via plasmodesmata and help maintain the sieve tube cells.
stomata
pores on the underside of leaves.
cuticle
waxy cuticle protects the plant.
guard cell
open and close stomata
turgid
swollen cell, opens the guard cells
apoplastic route
flow through cell walls
symplastic route
if H2O, minerals, or organic building blocks enter epidermal cell, these substances move via symplastic flow to the endodermis cells.
transmembrane route
method of getting water and nutrients into plants
primary active transport
leads to higher concentrations of these substances in the roots compared to surrounding soil
passive diffusion
diffusion without pumps
passive channel
Na and K channels that follow concentration gradient
aquaporins
channels in transfer of water
antiport
they pump Na+ out of the cell
xylem sap
the liquid moving through the xylem
vessels
long, continuous tubes of reinforced plant walls. these cells are dead
tracheid
long, continuous tubes of reinforced plant walls. these cells are dead
parenchymal cell
alive and contribute to osmotic gradient in xylem tubes
sieve tube cell
sugar-conducting cell running length of the plant
sieve tube plate
most flowering plants
translocation of sugars in phloem system
sugar moving down a concentration gradient
phloem sap
an aqueous solution that is high in sucrose
sucrose
glucose and fructose
sugar source
an organ that is a net producer of sugar, such as mature leaves
sugar sink
an organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar, such as roots, buds, and fruits
root tips
where uptake of water, minerals, and organic building blocks occurs
root hairs
much of the surface area of the root. an extension of the epidermis cells
epidermis (root)
outer layer of cells, no cuticle
cortex (root)
layers inside the epidermal cells
stele (root)
central part of the root or stem.
endodermis (root)
these cells sort what enters the stele. linked by casparian strips
casparian strip
hydrophobic cell wall linking endodermis.
guttation
the exudation of water droplets on tips or edges of leaves
cohensive tension hypothesis
transpiration and water cohesion pull water from roots to shoots
capillary action
transpiration and water cohesion pull water from roots to shoots
complete flower
stamen, filament, anther, carpel, petal, sepal, etc
incomplete flower
carpel only (female) or anthers only (male)
stamen
male reproductive organ
filament
the little neck with the anther on top
anther
source of male gamete
carpel
ovary, stigma, style-female reproductive organs
pistil
ovary, stigma, style-female reproductive organs
stigma
tip of appendage
style
length of appendage
ovary
contains seed
petal
modified leaves, helps attract pollinators
sepal
modified leaves, protects the petals, stamen, and carpel
microsporangium
one part of the anther
microsporocyte
2N, many of these inside microsporangium
pollen tetrad
four immature pollen grains
mature pollen
two cells: large tube cell and generative cell (sperm cell)
generative cell
sperm cell
tube cell
larger cell in mature pollen grain
ovule
a chamber that has the megaspore mother cell (2N)
megaspore mother cell
undergoes meiosis to form 4 daughter cells
megaspore
3 of 4 daughter cells degenerate, leaving the megaspore
antipodal cell
in metazooan female gamete, three small 1N antipodal cells
synergid cell
in metazooan female gamete, two small 1N synergid cells
polar nuclei
combines with other two polar nuclei to make a 3N endosperm cell
endosperm
the fruit
ovum
1 egg (1N)
pollinators
bees, butterflies, etc
nectar
water source of the sugars fructose, glucose, and sucrose. also little protein, salt, acid, vitamins, and essential oils
nectaries
located in flowers and can be located on petals, and all over
pollen tube
the tube part of internal fertilization, how things move in
seed coat
outer covering of a seed
pericarp
the part of a fruit formed from the wall of a ripened ovary
germinate
baby plant growing from seed
hypocotyl
becomes the stem, leaves, and flower
shoot apical meristem
growing end of the stem
procambium
develops into xylem and phloem
root apical meristem
growing end of the root network
cotyledons
embryonic leaves (photosynthesis)
chloroplast
performs phososynthesis
photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
photoautotrophs
makes own food
mesophyll
where the chloroplasts are
chloroplast outer membrane
signal transduction, protein import, lipid biosynthesis and remodeling, exchange of ions and numerous metabolites, plastid division, movement, and host defense
chloroplast inner membrane
electron transport and the chemiosmotic generation of ATP
stroma
Fluid filled interior of the
Chloroplast.
thylakoid
where light reaction occurs
grana
a stack of
Thylakoids; site of the Light
Reaction
chlorophyll
the pigment that gives
leaves their green color, resides in
the thylakoid membranes and
absorbs energy from light
(tranduction process)
transduction process
absorbs energy from light
coenzymes
shuttles for electrons
coenzyme reduced
when the coenzyme bus accepts electrons
coenzyme oxidized
when the coenzyme bus donates electrons
light reaction
requires light,
water splitting complex
splits water, makes ATP for dark reaction
photosystem 2
the first one
plastoquinone
electron shuttle from photosystem 2 to cytochrome b6f complex
cytochrom b6f complex
proton pump
photosystem 1
second photosystem
ferredoxin
electorn shuttle from PS1 to NADP reductase
NADP reductase
reduces NADP to ATP
ATP synthase
makes ATP
dark reaction-calvin cycle
make more ATP
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
each H has an energy-enhanced electron
phosphate/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate antiport=triosephosphate exchanger
product of the dark reaction
