Plants Flashcards
1
Q
vascular plants
A
ferns, seed plants, gymno and angiosperms
2
Q
angiosperms
A
monocots and eudicots, the flowering plants
3
Q
monocots
A
one cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue, no main root, pollen with one opening, flowers in multiples of three
4
Q
eudicots
A
two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissue in a ring, main root, pollen with three openings, flowers in multiples of 4-5
5
Q
photosynthetic autotrophs
A
make their own food via photosynthesis
6
Q
terrestrial
A
on land
7
Q
cell wall
A
has cellulose, rigid, maintains shape
8
Q
cellulose
A
makes cell wall, protein/carb complex
9
Q
pectin
A
protein network in cell wall
10
Q
chloroplasts
A
used for photosynthesis
11
Q
vacuole
A
storage unit. can expand or contract with water
12
Q
plasmodesmata
A
cytoplasmic bridges that link plants
13
Q
endosymbiosis
A
what happened to the chloroplasts and the mitochondria
14
Q
proto-mitochondrion prokaryote
A
the mitochondrion bacteria that goes into the cells
15
Q
proto-eukaryote
A
original eukaryote without mitochondria
16
Q
endo-symbiote
A
the plant with the mitochondria bacteria
17
Q
protochloroplast prokaryote
A
chloroplast before it goes into plants
18
Q
roots
A
they ground the plants and allow water and nutrients to be taken up.
19
Q
stem
A
body of the plant with xylem and phloem
20
Q
leaves
A
provide glucose through photosynthesis and have stomata for transpiration
21
Q
dermal cells
A
surface cells of the leaves and stem
22
Q
mesophyll cells
A
cells that perform photosynthesis
23
Q
shoot apical bud
A
the flower originates just below this
24
Q
xylem
A
water and minerals
25
phloem
nutrients
26
sieve tubes
have cytoplasm but no nucleus or ribosomes. they align head to tail in the developing plant
27
companion cells
living cells that connect to sieve tube cells via plasmodesmata and help maintain the sieve tube cells.
28
stomata
pores on the underside of leaves.
29
cuticle
waxy cuticle protects the plant.
30
guard cell
open and close stomata
31
turgid
swollen cell, opens the guard cells
32
apoplastic route
flow through cell walls
33
symplastic route
if H2O, minerals, or organic building blocks enter epidermal cell, these substances move via symplastic flow to the endodermis cells.
34
transmembrane route
method of getting water and nutrients into plants
35
primary active transport
leads to higher concentrations of these substances in the roots compared to surrounding soil
36
passive diffusion
diffusion without pumps
37
passive channel
Na and K channels that follow concentration gradient
38
aquaporins
channels in transfer of water
39
antiport
they pump Na+ out of the cell
40
xylem sap
the liquid moving through the xylem
41
vessels
long, continuous tubes of reinforced plant walls. these cells are dead
42
tracheid
long, continuous tubes of reinforced plant walls. these cells are dead
43
parenchymal cell
alive and contribute to osmotic gradient in xylem tubes
44
sieve tube cell
sugar-conducting cell running length of the plant
45
sieve tube plate
most flowering plants
46
translocation of sugars in phloem system
sugar moving down a concentration gradient
47
phloem sap
an aqueous solution that is high in sucrose
48
sucrose
glucose and fructose
49
sugar source
an organ that is a net producer of sugar, such as mature leaves
50
sugar sink
an organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar, such as roots, buds, and fruits
51
root tips
where uptake of water, minerals, and organic building blocks occurs
52
root hairs
much of the surface area of the root. an extension of the epidermis cells
53
epidermis (root)
outer layer of cells, no cuticle
54
cortex (root)
layers inside the epidermal cells
55
stele (root)
central part of the root or stem.
56
endodermis (root)
these cells sort what enters the stele. linked by casparian strips
57
casparian strip
hydrophobic cell wall linking endodermis.
58
guttation
the exudation of water droplets on tips or edges of leaves
59
cohensive tension hypothesis
transpiration and water cohesion pull water from roots to shoots
60
capillary action
transpiration and water cohesion pull water from roots to shoots
61
complete flower
stamen, filament, anther, carpel, petal, sepal, etc
62
incomplete flower
carpel only (female) or anthers only (male)
63
stamen
male reproductive organ
64
filament
the little neck with the anther on top
65
anther
source of male gamete
66
carpel
ovary, stigma, style-female reproductive organs
67
pistil
ovary, stigma, style-female reproductive organs
68
stigma
tip of appendage
69
style
length of appendage
70
ovary
contains seed
71
petal
modified leaves, helps attract pollinators
72
sepal
modified leaves, protects the petals, stamen, and carpel
73
microsporangium
one part of the anther
74
microsporocyte
2N, many of these inside microsporangium
75
pollen tetrad
four immature pollen grains
76
mature pollen
two cells: large tube cell and generative cell (sperm cell)
77
generative cell
sperm cell
78
tube cell
larger cell in mature pollen grain
79
ovule
a chamber that has the megaspore mother cell (2N)
80
megaspore mother cell
undergoes meiosis to form 4 daughter cells
81
megaspore
3 of 4 daughter cells degenerate, leaving the megaspore
82
antipodal cell
in metazooan female gamete, three small 1N antipodal cells
83
synergid cell
in metazooan female gamete, two small 1N synergid cells
84
polar nuclei
combines with other two polar nuclei to make a 3N endosperm cell
85
endosperm
the fruit
86
ovum
1 egg (1N)
87
pollinators
bees, butterflies, etc
88
nectar
water source of the sugars fructose, glucose, and sucrose. also little protein, salt, acid, vitamins, and essential oils
89
nectaries
located in flowers and can be located on petals, and all over
90
pollen tube
the tube part of internal fertilization, how things move in
91
seed coat
outer covering of a seed
92
pericarp
the part of a fruit formed from the wall of a ripened ovary
93
germinate
baby plant growing from seed
94
hypocotyl
becomes the stem, leaves, and flower
95
shoot apical meristem
growing end of the stem
96
procambium
develops into xylem and phloem
97
root apical meristem
growing end of the root network
98
cotyledons
embryonic leaves (photosynthesis)
99
chloroplast
performs phososynthesis
100
photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
101
photoautotrophs
makes own food
102
mesophyll
where the chloroplasts are
103
chloroplast outer membrane
signal transduction, protein import, lipid biosynthesis and remodeling, exchange of ions and numerous metabolites, plastid division, movement, and host defense
104
chloroplast inner membrane
electron transport and the chemiosmotic generation of ATP
105
stroma
Fluid filled interior of the
Chloroplast.
106
thylakoid
where light reaction occurs
107
grana
a stack of
Thylakoids; site of the Light
Reaction
108
chlorophyll
the pigment that gives
leaves their green color, resides in
the thylakoid membranes and
absorbs energy from light
(tranduction process)
109
transduction process
absorbs energy from light
110
coenzymes
shuttles for electrons
111
coenzyme reduced
when the coenzyme bus accepts electrons
112
coenzyme oxidized
when the coenzyme bus donates electrons
113
light reaction
requires light,
114
water splitting complex
splits water, makes ATP for dark reaction
115
photosystem 2
the first one
116
plastoquinone
electron shuttle from photosystem 2 to cytochrome b6f complex
117
cytochrom b6f complex
proton pump
118
photosystem 1
second photosystem
119
ferredoxin
electorn shuttle from PS1 to NADP reductase
120
NADP reductase
reduces NADP to ATP
121
ATP synthase
makes ATP
122
dark reaction-calvin cycle
make more ATP
123
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
each H has an energy-enhanced electron
124
phosphate/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate antiport=triosephosphate exchanger
product of the dark reaction
