Endocrine System Flashcards
endocrine system
long bone growth, reproductive capability, metabolic rate, glucose homeostasis, Ca++, Na+, blood pressure. endocrine cell releases hormone at capillary to target muscle, gland, organ, slow.
homeostasis
to maintain a good level
endocrine gland
gland without a duct that secretes chemical signals into a capillary. Ex: pancreas secretes insulin.
exocrine gland
secretes products into a duct: ex: salivary gland. can be both
hormone
polypeptides, lipophilic, modified amino acids
neurosecretory cell
neuron that releases a chemical signal into a capillary.
neurohormone
the chemical signal released by a neurosecretory cell.
hypothalamus
endocrine gland, activated by drop in body temp
anterior pituitary
activated by drop in body temp. TRH goes here.
posterior pituitary
endocrine gland, neurosecretory cells release vasopressin to increase h2o reabsorption at the kidney
thyroid gland
influences aerobic metabolism
parathyroid gland
influences Ca++ homeostasis
liver
influences long bone growth
adrenal gland
aldosterone, influences Na++ homeostasis
endocrine pancreas
produces insulin
ovary
estrogen and progesterone
testis
testosterone
insulin
binds to liver cells, adipose cells, and striated muscles, these cells take up glucose.
parathyroid hormone
hormone from parathyroid gland released to control calcium levels
endocrine circuit
detect a change in physiological parameter, releases chemical signal in response to change, activates target cells to restore physiological parameter to homeostasis
simple endocrine circuit
sensor built into endocrine cell, goes to target cell. negative feedback. ex: insulin
type 1 circuit
sensory component (CNS) stimulates endocrine cell to release chemical signal for target cell to produce a biological response, then negative feedback. Ex: vasopressin from posterior pituitary.
type 2 circuit
sensory component stimulates primary endocrine gland, stimulates secondary endocrine gland, stimulates target cell, negative feedback. ex: thyroid hormone and maintaining body temp.
negative feedback
when the problem solved reaches the sensor and it signals to stop the circuit.
glucose homeostasis
maintaining good levels of glucose.
GLUT2 glucose channel
passive channel that is always on the plasma membrane of cells.
GLUT4 glucose channel
channel on secretory vesicle that can be moved via exocytosis when the cell is stimulated.
vasopressin
a polypeptide that stimulates the collecting duct of each nephron to increase h2o absorption.
oxytocin
increases uterine smooth muscle contractions
thyroid hormone
influences aerobin metabolism
TRH
polypeptide that stimulates a TP cell to secrete TSH into the vascular system
TSH
regulates thyroid gland
Tx
thyroid hormone
prolactin
maintains adult reproductive system
growth hormone
long bone growth
LH
regulates male and female reproductive systems
FSH
regulates male and female reproductive systems
ACTH
restores homeostasis after a stress event
glucagon
influences glucose homeostasis
aldosterone
influences Na++ homeostasis
cortisol
restores homeostasis after a stress event
estrogen
required for normal adult female reproductive function
progesterone
required for normal adult female reproductive function
testosterone
required for normal adult male reproductive function
myxedema
underproduction of thyroid hormone
graves disease
overproduction of thyroid hormone
infertility
females: inability to produce estrogen
males: inability to produce testosterone
diabetes mellites
type 1: endocrine pancreas cannot produce insulin
type 2: insulin is not effective at target tissues