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Physiological Systems > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Metazoan

A

multicellular eukaryote obligate heterotroph

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2
Q

Heterotroph

A

cannot obtain its own food, must get food from environment

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3
Q

Plant

A

multicellular eukaryotes that are photosynthetic autotrophs

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4
Q

Photosynthetic autotroph

A

makes its own food source via photosynthesis

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5
Q

Eukaryote cell

A

a unit of cytoplasm, bounded by a
plasma membrane, that is capable of replication with modification

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6
Q

Diploid

A

2N, 2 copies of genetic code inside

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7
Q

Zygote

A

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

water, ions, small organic molecules,
macromolecules

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9
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid Bilayer/Protein complex

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10
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

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11
Q

Translation

A

a Ribosome
reads a mRNA in order to
assemble a polypeptide

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12
Q

Ribosome

A

(Protein/RNA)
macromolecular complex

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13
Q

Ions

A

Atom/atoms with a molecular charge (Na+, K+, Ca++)

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14
Q

Small organic molecules

A

sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, amino acids, ATP, nucleotides

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15
Q

ATP

A

Energy shuttle

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16
Q

Protein

A

covalent peptide bond

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17
Q

Carbohydrates

A

glycosidic bond

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18
Q

Complex lipids

A

glucose plus lipids

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19
Q

Nucleic acids

A

phosphodiester and hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

Lipophilic

A

substances cross the
Phospholipid Bilayer
(O2 and CO2)

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21
Q

Hydrophilic

A

low
molecular weight
substances cross the
membrane through
channels (Sugars,
Amino Acids, Ions)

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22
Q

Exocytosis

A

Macromolecules (usually polypeptides) exit the cell via the process of exocytosis via a secretory vesicle - made of plasma membrane

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23
Q

Endocytosis

A

Macromolecules, such as proteins and carbohydrates) enter a
cells via the process of endocytosis via a endocytic vesicle

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24
Q

Lysosome

A

site for intracellular digestion; site for breaking down
macromolecules such as:
carbohydrates to sugars
proteins to amino acids
complex lipids to fatty acids

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25
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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26
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

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27
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

site for
protein synthesis (translation)

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28
Q

Golgi

A

a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell

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29
Q

Secretory vesicle

A

These secretory vesicles, which are larger than other transport vesicles, store their contents until specific signals direct their fusion with the plasma membrane

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30
Q

Mitochondrion

A

site of Aerobic Metabolism of sugars, amino acids,
and fatty acids to make most of the ATP the cell needs to survive

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31
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)

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32
Q

Chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis

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33
Q

Photosynthesis

A

to convert light energy into chemical energy, and to
combine Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen to make C6H12O6 - Glucose

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34
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

you have to stay ahead of your body trying to kill you

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35
Q

Genome

A

the total number of chromosomes in the
nucleus of a non-gamete cell

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36
Q

Chromosome

A

a DNA/protein complex

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37
Q

Gene

A

information
coding region on a
chromosome

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38
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

1 maternal, 1 paternal, codes for the same gene

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39
Q

Meiosis

A

formation of gametes

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40
Q

Mitosis

A

regular division of cells

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41
Q

Oogenesis

A

meiosis to make an egg

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42
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

meiosis to make sperm

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43
Q

Flagellated Choanocyte

A

1 of 2 cell types in a sponge, very outer later of gastric cavity to move water in and out and absorb nutrients

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44
Q

Mesohyl (integument of a sponge)

A

outer layer of sponge cells. Specialized Mesohyl Cells produce either a Egg cell (n) or a Sperm cell (n)

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45
Q

Asymmetry

A

no symmetry or defined body plan

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46
Q

Medusa

A

jellyfish form

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47
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

you could cut it any way and it would be symmetrical

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48
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

only one cut will be symmetrical

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49
Q

Ectoderm

A

precursor cell that gives rise to the Nervous System,
lining of the Mouth,
Anterior Pituitary
Gland

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50
Q

Endoderm

A

precursor cell that gives rise to Cells that line the
Stomach, Liver
and Intestines

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51
Q

Mesoderm

A

precursor cells that give rise to Bone, Cartilage, Blood cells,
Ovary, Testes, cells that line the
Coelom

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52
Q

Blastula

A

hollow ball of cells right after zygote formed

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53
Q

Gastrula

A

after blastula, has all three cell types

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54
Q

Archenteron

A

the primitive digestive tube or the primitive gut, is the internal cavity of the primitive gastrointestinal tract that forms during gastrulation in a developing animal embryo. It develops into the endoderm and mesoderm of the animal

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55
Q

Protostome

A

mouth forms before anus

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56
Q

Deuterostome

A

anus forms before mouth

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57
Q

Integument

A

outer layer of a metazoan (scales on fish)

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58
Q

Coelom

A

fluid-filled body cavity present between the alimentary canal and the body wall.” The true coelom has a mesodermal origin. It is lined by mesoderm

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59
Q

Hydrostatic Skeleton

A

use a cavity filled with water; the water is incompressible, so the organism can use it to apply force or change shape.

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60
Q

Endoskeleton

A

internal skeleton of bone or cartilage

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61
Q

Exoskeleton

A

skeleton on exterior of body

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62
Q

Muscle

A

contractile tissue grouped into coordinated systems for greater efficiency. The three types of muscles are striated (or skeletal), cardiac, and smooth (or nonstriated)

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63
Q

Glucose

A

universal organic fuel for Aerobic Metabolism to make
ATP to allow cells to stay ahead of the 2nd law
Animal cell Plant cell

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64
Q

Aorta

A

The Aorta delivers
oxygenated blood to the Body

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65
Q

Heart

A

muscular pump

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66
Q

Artery

A

a vessel that caries
blood away from the heart

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67
Q

Vein

A

a vessel that caries
blood to the heart

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68
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

In a closed circulatory system blood is always
contained within vessels
Blood is pumped around the body through the
action of a heart.

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69
Q

oxygenated

A

hemoglobin is carrying the four oxygen molecules

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70
Q

de-oxygenated

A

hemoglobin not carrying oxygen

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71
Q

endothelial cell

A

cells that line the inside of an artery

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72
Q

arteriole

A

a branch of an artery

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73
Q

capillary

A

a branch of an
arteriole that is one cell layer thick. merges to form venules or arterioles.

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74
Q

venule

A

merge to form a vein

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75
Q

open circulatory system

A

An open circulatory system there is a mixing of the
blood and extracellular fluid to make up the
hemolymph.
In an open circulatory system, the hemolymph is
not enclosed in blood vessels.
Hemolymph is pumped into a cavity called the
hemocoel via the action of a “heart.”

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76
Q

hemocoel

A

The body cavity, filled with hemolymph

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77
Q

ostia of the insect heart

A

Ostia are small, slit-like, paired openings in the dorsal vessel that allow hemolymph to enter or leave the vessel.

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78
Q

neurogenic heart

A

Contraction of the
Heart Muscle is
controlled by the
Nervous System

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79
Q

hemolymph

A

Hemolymph, or haemolymph, is a fluid, analogous to the blood in vertebrates, that circulates in the interior of the arthropod body, remaining in direct contact with the animal’s tissues.

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80
Q

atrium

A

The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.

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81
Q

ventricle

A

The ventricles are the two lower chambers of the heart, one on the right and one on the left. The ventricles receive blood from the heart’s upper chambers (atria) and pump it to the rest of the body. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.

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82
Q

vertebrate

A

has a backbone

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83
Q

agnatha

A

class of jawless fish

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84
Q

Cartilaginous Fishes

A

sharks and rays

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85
Q

bony fishes

A

skeletons made of bone

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86
Q

tetrapods

A

four-limbed vertebrates

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87
Q

superior vena cava

A

Deoxygenated blood is carried to
the Right Atrium by the Superior
Vena Cava and the Inferior Vena
Cava - below

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88
Q

inferior vena cava

A

Deoxygenated blood is carried to
the Right Atrium by the Superior
Vena Cava and the Inferior Vena
Cava - below

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89
Q

tricuspid valve

A

one-way valve from right atrium to right ventricle

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90
Q

pulmonary valve

A

valve from right ventricle to pulmonary artery

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91
Q

pulmonary vein

A

Oxygenated blood is carried from
the Lungs to the Left Atrium by
the Pulmonary Veins

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92
Q

mitral valve

A

left atrium to left ventricle, one-way

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93
Q

aortic valve

A

left ventricle to aorta

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94
Q

coronary arteries

A

Coronary Arteries branch off
of the Aorta and deliver
oxygenated blood to the
cardiac muscle

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95
Q

coronary artery disease

A

Blockages of the Coronary
Arteries

96
Q

myocardial infarction

A

complete blockage of the coronary arteries (heart attack). higher up is worse

97
Q

cardiac muscle

A

single nucleus, electrically excitable cells

98
Q

gap junction

A

Gap junctions (GJs) allow direct communication between cells

99
Q

sinus node

A

controls cardiac muscle contractions, located in right atria

100
Q

atrioventricular node

A

where the signal from the sinus node is renewed, in-between ventricle walls

101
Q

aneurysm

A

stretching of the wall of a blood vessel which can
be caused by a wound to the vessel, or excess pressure within the
vessel
If not corrected, the aneurysm will burst

102
Q

stroke

A

if an aneurysm ruptures in the brain

103
Q

pericardial sac

A

The heart is positioned
inside the Pericardial
Sac. The sac is full of
Pericardial Fluid (H20), prevents friction

104
Q

plasma

A

same as extra-cellular fluid: water, ions, proteins, waste, etc

105
Q

umbilical vein

A

The Umbilical Vein
merges with the
Inferior Vena Cava

106
Q

foreman ovale

A

The IVC enters the
Right Atrium: most of
the blood passes
through the Foreman
Ovale into the Left
Atrium. Some blood
enters the Right
Ventricle - closes at birth

107
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

When the Right
Ventricle contracts, some
blood goes to the lung
tissue, but most blood
enters the Ductus
Arteriosus - closes at birth

108
Q

umbilical artery

A

De-oxygenated blood,
is carried by Umbilical
Arteries to the
capillary bed interface
between the fetus and
the Mother

109
Q

bicarbonate ion

A

CO2 interacts with H2O to make Bicarbonate Ion. A build up of Bicarbonate Ion will raise the pH in
the Extracellular Fluid and Plasma above 7.8

110
Q

alkalosis

A

when the ph in the extracellular fluid goes above 7.8

111
Q

hemoglobin

A

a protein that carries oxygen in the blood

112
Q

globin

A

a peptide that contains the heme complex. 4 globin peptides/human hemoglobin

113
Q

heme

A

the complex that carries oxygen. the iron in the middle of the complex attracts the oxygen. 1/globin

114
Q

mantle cavity

A

to enclose and protect the internal organs. The mantle cavity is located inside the mantle, in the mollusk body. It holds water and acts as a respiratory organ.

115
Q

gills

A

analogous to lungs, a way to perform gas exchange with increased surface area

116
Q

hemocyanin

A

Hemocyanin, a copper-containing protein chemically unlike hemoglobin, is found in some crustaceans. Hemocyanin is blue in colour when oxygenated and colourless when oxygen is removed

117
Q

convergent evolution

A

when two analogous things evolve completely separate

118
Q

air sac

A

An Air Sac has a single layer of very
thin Lung Cells. contains multiple alveoli.

119
Q

red blood cells

A

made in bone marrow. pre-cursor cells take 7 days. no nucleus, loaded with hemoglobin. last 120 days, destroyed in spleen/nucleus

120
Q

ray-finned fishes

A

gills, air sac, swim bladder

121
Q

lobe-finned fishes

A

gills, lungs, integument

122
Q

swim bladder

A

connected to gas gland, can
expand and contract based
on the activity of the Gas
Gland, used for buoyancy

123
Q

gas gland

A

makes gases to put in swim bladder

124
Q

spiracles

A

is an opening
to a Trachea, and each
Trachea branches several
times into small tubes call
Tracheoles (insects)

125
Q

trachea

A

tube that
originates in the mouth and
branches to enter each lung

126
Q

tracheole

A

Tracheoles pass in close
proximity to every cell in the
insect.

127
Q

cutaneous respiration (amphibians)

A

gas exchange across the Integument

128
Q

membranous lungs (amphibians)

A

lungs in frogs.

129
Q

nasal passages

A

Air can enter the Trachea
either via the Nasal Passages
or the Mouth

130
Q

ribs

A

The Ribs create the space designated as the Chest Cavity

131
Q

intercostal muscles

A

muscles expand and contract the ribs to allow breathing. underneath the ribs

132
Q

pleural cavity

A

lined by the Pleural membrane. The Pleural Cavity is filled with fluid. The Lungs are surround by the Pleural Cavity. The Pleural Cavity acts as a cushion to protect the Lung tissue

133
Q

bronchi

A

trachea branches into two bronchi, one for each lung

134
Q

bronchiole

A

Each Bronchus will branch
into smaller air tubes call
Bronchioles

135
Q

alveolar duct

A

duct to the alveoli

136
Q

alveoli

A

end of each air tube

137
Q

diaphragm

A

a muscle beneath the lungs. inhale=diaphragm contracting downwards

138
Q

air sac

A

An Air Sac has a single layer of very
thin Lung Cells

139
Q

lung cell (in an air sac)

A

each one is next to a capillary. lined with epithelial cells for gas exchange.

140
Q

pulmonary artery

A

branches into the Capillaries that go to each Air Sac

141
Q

pulmonary vein

A

Oxygenated blood exits the Lungs via
the Pulmonary Vein, which carries it to the left atrium.

142
Q

bone marrow

A

where stem cells are made and activated

143
Q

anemia

A

lack of iron needed to make functional hemoglobin

144
Q

iron deficiency

A

when you don’t consume enough iron to make functional hemoglobin

145
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

The Sickle-Cell Hemoglobin will
crystalize in RBCs when exposed
to dehydration in the vascular
system, or low O2 in the
environment (for example at
altitude).
The Sickle Cell RBCs can clog
Capillaries and disrupt blood flow
Treatment: transfusion of healthy
RBCs from a donor

146
Q

blood types in humans

A

O (universal donor), O+, B-, B+, A-, A+, AB-, AB+ (universal recipient)

147
Q

congestive heart failure

A

A weakening of the muscles
associated with the Right Ventricle
caused by Coronary Artery Disease

148
Q

pleural effusion

A

a build-up of fluid in the pleural cavity

149
Q

central nervous system

A

controls the rate of breathing

150
Q

neuron

A

CNS cell

151
Q

Respiratory Rhythmicity Center

A

In the Brain Stem (Medulla
Oblongata) the Respiratory
Rhythmicity Center (box) controls
both involuntary and voluntary
breathing through different centers.

152
Q

involuntary control of breathing

A

The Involuntary Respiratory Centers
control the contraction of the
Intercostal Muscles, and the
Diaphragm every second that you are
alive

153
Q

voluntary control of breathing

A

The Voluntary control of breathing
gives you the option to momentarily
increase you breathing rate

154
Q

narcotic pain reliever

A

depresses the activity of the Brainstem Rhythmicity Center leading to death

155
Q

opiates

A

Can depress the activity of the Brainstem Rhythmicity Center leading to death

156
Q

sedatives

A

Can depress the activity of the Brainstem Rhythmicity Center leading to death

157
Q

opiate receptors

A

on our neurons, sense opiates

158
Q

enkephalin

A

same shape as an opiate molecule

159
Q

glycosidic bond

A

bonds that link carbohydrates/glucose

160
Q

Glycosidases

A

break glycosidic bonds

161
Q

amino acids

A

20 total, 8 essential

162
Q

peptide bond

A

bonds proteins together

163
Q

protease

A

breaks apart a protein

164
Q

essential amino acid

A

8 of them, our bodies cannot make them and we must obtain them from the environment

165
Q

complex lipid

A

chain of lipids

166
Q

fatty acid

A

make up phospholipids which make up complex lipids

167
Q

glycerol

A

combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides

168
Q

ester bond

A

links fatty acids to glycerol

169
Q

phospholipids

A

polymers of fatty acids linked by ester bonds to glycerol

170
Q

lipases

A

breaks ester bonds

171
Q

essential fatty acids

A

your cells cannot make these

172
Q

nucleic acids

A

polymers of either deoxyribose nucleotides or oxyribose nucleotides linked via phosphodiester bonds

173
Q

deoxyribose nucleotides

A

no oxygen on __ carbon

174
Q

oxyribose nucleotides

A

oxygen on __ carbon

175
Q

phosphodiester bonds

A

link nucleic acids

176
Q

Phosphodiesterases

A

break phosphodiester bonds to release nucleotides

177
Q

vitamins

A

organic complexes that your cells cannot make

178
Q

minerals

A

ions of elements that your cells cannot make

179
Q

intracellular digestion

A

macromolecules
needed as sources for amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, and
nucleotides can be obtained from the extracellular fluid, performed in the lysosome

180
Q

hydrolytic enzymes

A

breaks down macromolecules to AAs, glucose, FAs, nucleotides

181
Q

zooplankton phytoplankton

A

another source of nucleic acids and lipids, similar to macromolecules

182
Q

extracellular digestion

A

Extracellular Digestion implies “outside” the body, GI tract being technically outside the body

183
Q

nematocysts

A

little stingers, injects a dose of neurotoxin into fish

184
Q

neurotoxin

A

paralyzes or kills jelly prey

185
Q

filter feeder

A

whale shark

186
Q

substrate feeder

A

eats dirt, dead organisms and small organisms provide nutrition

187
Q

fluid feeder

A

mosquito

188
Q

bulk feeder

A

human

189
Q

GI Tract

A

the tract of your GI system

190
Q

mouth

A

where you take in food

191
Q

anus

A

where waste is expelled

192
Q

mechanical force

A

physical movement of gi tract to break down food

193
Q

chemical processes

A

hydrochloric acid and others produced from various organs

194
Q

enzyme-mediated reactions

A

sped up by enzymes

195
Q

digestive enzymes

A

specific catalysts for the GI tract

196
Q

absorption

A

getting glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides to cells

197
Q

oral cavity

A

the mouth

198
Q

salivary glands

A

exocrine glands: releases secretory
products into a duct network that leads
out of the body. acinus formed at end of duct. either mucous or amylase produced-food dependent

199
Q

esophagus

A

tubule linking mouth to site for mechanical digestion

200
Q

stomach

A

a site for mechanical digestion

201
Q

liver

A

produces bile salts, transferred via common bile duct

202
Q

gallbladder

A

a bag to store bile salts

203
Q

pancreas

A

Secretory Cells in an Acinus release
Hydrolytic Enzymes such as Amylases,
Proteases (Trypsin and Chymotrypsin),
Nucleases, and Lipases
Duct Cells release H2O and Bicarbonate Ion

204
Q

small intestine

A

jejunum and ileum. good for absorption

205
Q

large intestine

A

helps body retain water, terrestrial beings

206
Q

saliva

A

mostly mucus.
Saliva also contains the enzyme Amylase.
Amylase starts breaking apart
carbohydrates
Saliva provides the water environment to
start chemical digestion of food particles,
and it makes it possible for you to swallow

207
Q

mucus

A

Mucus is a mixture of H20, Na+ & Cl- ions,
glycoproteins, neural buffering agents (pH =
7), and antibacterial agents

208
Q

antibacterial agents

A

?

209
Q

amylase

A

breaks down carbohydrates in the stomach and then denatures in the stomach acid

210
Q

sublingual (salivary gland)

A

under the tongue

211
Q

submandibular (salivary gland)

A

near the lower jaw

212
Q

parotid (salivary gland)

A

near the hinge between the upper and lower jaw

213
Q

exocrine gland

A

releases secretory products into a duct network that leads out of the body

214
Q

acinus of a salivary gland

A

little bulb at end of gland where either mucus or amylase is released. serous or mucousal cells

215
Q

gastroesophageal junction

A

Food particles enter the Stomach at the
Gastroesophageal junction

216
Q

epiglottis

A

When you eat, the Epiglottis covers the opening to the Trachea
When you breath or talk the Epiglottis moves to expose the opening of the Trachea

217
Q

rugae

A

ridges in the walls of the stomach, rubs against food particles to break them down

218
Q

gastric juice

A

lowers the ph to 2, proteins denature, macromolecules break down

219
Q

chyme

A

solution in the lumen of the stomach

220
Q

pepsin

A

breaks proteins into polypeptide fragments

221
Q

protease

A

group of proteolytic enzymes that hydrolyze proteins

222
Q

gastric pit

A

source of Gastric Acid and Pepsin. has many cell types

223
Q

parietal cell of gastric pit

A

make and release hydrochloric acid

224
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

The hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice breaks down the food and the digestive enzymes split up the proteins

225
Q

chief cell of gastric pit

A

make and secrete pepsin

226
Q

gastric ulcer

A

cells in the lining of the stomach break down, The concern is that bacteria will pass through the breech in the Stomach wall and get into your blood stream

227
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

a value that separates the Stomach from the Small Intestine As Chyme passes through the Pyloric Sphincter into the Small Intestine, secretory cells release Bicarbonate Ion to neutralize the pH of the Chyme

228
Q

bile salts

A

act as a detergent on
complex lipids to breakup lipid complexes
and to expose the Lipids to Lipases. released into the duodenum lumen

229
Q

liver cell

A
  • Store Glucose as the carbohydrate Glycogen,
    and release Glucose into the vascular system
    when needed
  • Store Fatty Acids as Triglycerides in Lipid
    droplets, and release Triglycerides into the
    vascular system when needed
  • De-toxify foreign substances picked up during
    digestion (delivered by Hepatic Portal Vein)
  • Make Bile Salts from the break down of RBCs,
    and release into Bile ducts that go to the
    Gallbladder
  • Make Cholesterol, and release into the vascular
    system
  • Make Insulin-like Growth Factor (needed for
    long bone growth and muscle maintenance),
    and release into the vascular system
  • Make the precursor for Angiotensin II (blood
    pressure regulation) and release into the
    vascular system
230
Q

lipase

A

breaks down individual phospholipids to individual fatty acids

231
Q

gallbladder disease

A

when bile salts crystalize due to dehydration and form gallstones

232
Q

gallstone

A

crystalized bile salts

233
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

Secretory Cells in an Acinus release
Hydrolytic Enzymes such as Amylases,
Proteases (Trypsin and Chymotrypsin),
Nucleases, and Lipases
Duct Cells release H2O and Bicarbonate Ion

234
Q

acinus of the exocrine pancreas

A

secretory and duct cells

235
Q

trypsin

A

a protease

236
Q

chymotrypsin

A

a protease

237
Q

nucleases

A

break down nucleic acids into individual nucleotides

Physiological Systems (7 decks)

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