Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Metazoan
A
multicellular eukaryote obligate heterotroph
2
Q
Heterotroph
A
cannot obtain its own food, must get food from environment
3
Q
Plant
A
multicellular eukaryotes that are photosynthetic autotrophs
4
Q
Photosynthetic autotroph
A
makes its own food source via photosynthesis
5
Q
Eukaryote cell
A
a unit of cytoplasm, bounded by a
plasma membrane, that is capable of replication with modification
6
Q
Diploid
A
2N, 2 copies of genetic code inside
7
Q
Zygote
A
a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes
8
Q
Cytoplasm
A
water, ions, small organic molecules,
macromolecules
9
Q
Plasma membrane
A
Phospholipid Bilayer/Protein complex
10
Q
Transcription
A
DNA to RNA
11
Q
Translation
A
a Ribosome
reads a mRNA in order to
assemble a polypeptide
12
Q
Ribosome
A
(Protein/RNA)
macromolecular complex
13
Q
Ions
A
Atom/atoms with a molecular charge (Na+, K+, Ca++)
14
Q
Small organic molecules
A
sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, amino acids, ATP, nucleotides
15
Q
ATP
A
Energy shuttle
16
Q
Protein
A
covalent peptide bond
17
Q
Carbohydrates
A
glycosidic bond
18
Q
Complex lipids
A
glucose plus lipids
19
Q
Nucleic acids
A
phosphodiester and hydrogen bonds
20
Q
Lipophilic
A
substances cross the
Phospholipid Bilayer
(O2 and CO2)
21
Q
Hydrophilic
A
low
molecular weight
substances cross the
membrane through
channels (Sugars,
Amino Acids, Ions)
22
Q
Exocytosis
A
Macromolecules (usually polypeptides) exit the cell via the process of exocytosis via a secretory vesicle - made of plasma membrane
23
Q
Endocytosis
A
Macromolecules, such as proteins and carbohydrates) enter a
cells via the process of endocytosis via a endocytic vesicle
24
Q
Lysosome
A
site for intracellular digestion; site for breaking down
macromolecules such as:
carbohydrates to sugars
proteins to amino acids
complex lipids to fatty acids
25
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
26
RNA
ribonucleic acid
27
Endoplasmic Reticulum
site for
protein synthesis (translation)
28
Golgi
a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell
29
Secretory vesicle
These secretory vesicles, which are larger than other transport vesicles, store their contents until specific signals direct their fusion with the plasma membrane
30
Mitochondrion
site of Aerobic Metabolism of sugars, amino acids,
and fatty acids to make most of the ATP the cell needs to survive
31
Aerobic metabolism
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)
32
Chloroplast
site of photosynthesis
33
Photosynthesis
to convert light energy into chemical energy, and to
combine Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen to make C6H12O6 - Glucose
34
Second Law of Thermodynamics
you have to stay ahead of your body trying to kill you
35
Genome
the total number of chromosomes in the
nucleus of a non-gamete cell
36
Chromosome
a DNA/protein complex
37
Gene
information
coding region on a
chromosome
38
Homologous chromosomes
1 maternal, 1 paternal, codes for the same gene
39
Meiosis
formation of gametes
40
Mitosis
regular division of cells
41
Oogenesis
meiosis to make an egg
42
Spermatogenesis
meiosis to make sperm
43
Flagellated Choanocyte
1 of 2 cell types in a sponge, very outer later of gastric cavity to move water in and out and absorb nutrients
44
Mesohyl (integument of a sponge)
outer layer of sponge cells. Specialized Mesohyl Cells produce either a Egg cell (n) or a Sperm cell (n)
45
Asymmetry
no symmetry or defined body plan
46
Medusa
jellyfish form
47
Radial Symmetry
you could cut it any way and it would be symmetrical
48
Bilateral Symmetry
only one cut will be symmetrical
49
Ectoderm
precursor cell that gives rise to the Nervous System,
lining of the Mouth,
Anterior Pituitary
Gland
50
Endoderm
precursor cell that gives rise to Cells that line the
Stomach, Liver
and Intestines
51
Mesoderm
precursor cells that give rise to Bone, Cartilage, Blood cells,
Ovary, Testes, cells that line the
Coelom
52
Blastula
hollow ball of cells right after zygote formed
53
Gastrula
after blastula, has all three cell types
54
Archenteron
the primitive digestive tube or the primitive gut, is the internal cavity of the primitive gastrointestinal tract that forms during gastrulation in a developing animal embryo. It develops into the endoderm and mesoderm of the animal
55
Protostome
mouth forms before anus
56
Deuterostome
anus forms before mouth
57
Integument
outer layer of a metazoan (scales on fish)
58
Coelom
fluid-filled body cavity present between the alimentary canal and the body wall.” The true coelom has a mesodermal origin. It is lined by mesoderm
59
Hydrostatic Skeleton
use a cavity filled with water; the water is incompressible, so the organism can use it to apply force or change shape.
60
Endoskeleton
internal skeleton of bone or cartilage
61
Exoskeleton
skeleton on exterior of body
62
Muscle
contractile tissue grouped into coordinated systems for greater efficiency. The three types of muscles are striated (or skeletal), cardiac, and smooth (or nonstriated)
63
Glucose
universal organic fuel for Aerobic Metabolism to make
ATP to allow cells to stay ahead of the 2nd law
Animal cell Plant cell
64
Aorta
The Aorta delivers
oxygenated blood to the Body
65
Heart
muscular pump
66
Artery
a vessel that caries
blood away from the heart
67
Vein
a vessel that caries
blood to the heart
68
Closed circulatory system
In a closed circulatory system blood is always
contained within vessels
Blood is pumped around the body through the
action of a heart.
69
oxygenated
hemoglobin is carrying the four oxygen molecules
70
de-oxygenated
hemoglobin not carrying oxygen
71
endothelial cell
cells that line the inside of an artery
72
arteriole
a branch of an artery
73
capillary
a branch of an
arteriole that is one cell layer thick. merges to form venules or arterioles.
74
venule
merge to form a vein
75
open circulatory system
An open circulatory system there is a mixing of the
blood and extracellular fluid to make up the
hemolymph.
In an open circulatory system, the hemolymph is
not enclosed in blood vessels.
Hemolymph is pumped into a cavity called the
hemocoel via the action of a “heart.”
76
hemocoel
The body cavity, filled with hemolymph
77
ostia of the insect heart
Ostia are small, slit-like, paired openings in the dorsal vessel that allow hemolymph to enter or leave the vessel.
78
neurogenic heart
Contraction of the
Heart Muscle is
controlled by the
Nervous System
79
hemolymph
Hemolymph, or haemolymph, is a fluid, analogous to the blood in vertebrates, that circulates in the interior of the arthropod body, remaining in direct contact with the animal's tissues.
80
atrium
The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
81
ventricle
The ventricles are the two lower chambers of the heart, one on the right and one on the left. The ventricles receive blood from the heart's upper chambers (atria) and pump it to the rest of the body. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.
82
vertebrate
has a backbone
83
agnatha
class of jawless fish
84
Cartilaginous Fishes
sharks and rays
85
bony fishes
skeletons made of bone
86
tetrapods
four-limbed vertebrates
87
superior vena cava
Deoxygenated blood is carried to
the Right Atrium by the Superior
Vena Cava and the Inferior Vena
Cava - below
88
inferior vena cava
Deoxygenated blood is carried to
the Right Atrium by the Superior
Vena Cava and the Inferior Vena
Cava - below
89
tricuspid valve
one-way valve from right atrium to right ventricle
90
pulmonary valve
valve from right ventricle to pulmonary artery
91
pulmonary vein
Oxygenated blood is carried from
the Lungs to the Left Atrium by
the Pulmonary Veins
92
mitral valve
left atrium to left ventricle, one-way
93
aortic valve
left ventricle to aorta
94
coronary arteries
Coronary Arteries branch off
of the Aorta and deliver
oxygenated blood to the
cardiac muscle
95
coronary artery disease
Blockages of the Coronary
Arteries
96
myocardial infarction
complete blockage of the coronary arteries (heart attack). higher up is worse
97
cardiac muscle
single nucleus, electrically excitable cells
98
gap junction
Gap junctions (GJs) allow direct communication between cells
99
sinus node
controls cardiac muscle contractions, located in right atria
100
atrioventricular node
where the signal from the sinus node is renewed, in-between ventricle walls
101
aneurysm
stretching of the wall of a blood vessel which can
be caused by a wound to the vessel, or excess pressure within the
vessel
If not corrected, the aneurysm will burst
102
stroke
if an aneurysm ruptures in the brain
103
pericardial sac
The heart is positioned
inside the Pericardial
Sac. The sac is full of
Pericardial Fluid (H20), prevents friction
104
plasma
same as extra-cellular fluid: water, ions, proteins, waste, etc
105
umbilical vein
The Umbilical Vein
merges with the
Inferior Vena Cava
106
foreman ovale
The IVC enters the
Right Atrium: most of
the blood passes
through the Foreman
Ovale into the Left
Atrium. Some blood
enters the Right
Ventricle - closes at birth
107
ductus arteriosus
When the Right
Ventricle contracts, some
blood goes to the lung
tissue, but most blood
enters the Ductus
Arteriosus - closes at birth
108
umbilical artery
De-oxygenated blood,
is carried by Umbilical
Arteries to the
capillary bed interface
between the fetus and
the Mother
109
bicarbonate ion
CO2 interacts with H2O to make Bicarbonate Ion. A build up of Bicarbonate Ion will raise the pH in
the Extracellular Fluid and Plasma above 7.8
110
alkalosis
when the ph in the extracellular fluid goes above 7.8
111
hemoglobin
a protein that carries oxygen in the blood
112
globin
a peptide that contains the heme complex. 4 globin peptides/human hemoglobin
113
heme
the complex that carries oxygen. the iron in the middle of the complex attracts the oxygen. 1/globin
114
mantle cavity
to enclose and protect the internal organs. The mantle cavity is located inside the mantle, in the mollusk body. It holds water and acts as a respiratory organ.
115
gills
analogous to lungs, a way to perform gas exchange with increased surface area
116
hemocyanin
Hemocyanin, a copper-containing protein chemically unlike hemoglobin, is found in some crustaceans. Hemocyanin is blue in colour when oxygenated and colourless when oxygen is removed
117
convergent evolution
when two analogous things evolve completely separate
118
air sac
An Air Sac has a single layer of very
thin Lung Cells. contains multiple alveoli.
119
red blood cells
made in bone marrow. pre-cursor cells take 7 days. no nucleus, loaded with hemoglobin. last 120 days, destroyed in spleen/nucleus
120
ray-finned fishes
gills, air sac, swim bladder
121
lobe-finned fishes
gills, lungs, integument
122
swim bladder
connected to gas gland, can
expand and contract based
on the activity of the Gas
Gland, used for buoyancy
123
gas gland
makes gases to put in swim bladder
124
spiracles
is an opening
to a Trachea, and each
Trachea branches several
times into small tubes call
Tracheoles (insects)
125
trachea
tube that
originates in the mouth and
branches to enter each lung
126
tracheole
Tracheoles pass in close
proximity to every cell in the
insect.
127
cutaneous respiration (amphibians)
gas exchange across the Integument
128
membranous lungs (amphibians)
lungs in frogs.
129
nasal passages
Air can enter the Trachea
either via the Nasal Passages
or the Mouth
130
ribs
The Ribs create the space designated as the Chest Cavity
131
intercostal muscles
muscles expand and contract the ribs to allow breathing. underneath the ribs
132
pleural cavity
lined by the Pleural membrane. The Pleural Cavity is filled with fluid. The Lungs are surround by the Pleural Cavity. The Pleural Cavity acts as a cushion to protect the Lung tissue
133
bronchi
trachea branches into two bronchi, one for each lung
134
bronchiole
Each Bronchus will branch
into smaller air tubes call
Bronchioles
135
alveolar duct
duct to the alveoli
136
alveoli
end of each air tube
137
diaphragm
a muscle beneath the lungs. inhale=diaphragm contracting downwards
138
air sac
An Air Sac has a single layer of very
thin Lung Cells
139
lung cell (in an air sac)
each one is next to a capillary. lined with epithelial cells for gas exchange.
140
pulmonary artery
branches into the Capillaries that go to each Air Sac
141
pulmonary vein
Oxygenated blood exits the Lungs via
the Pulmonary Vein, which carries it to the left atrium.
142
bone marrow
where stem cells are made and activated
143
anemia
lack of iron needed to make functional hemoglobin
144
iron deficiency
when you don't consume enough iron to make functional hemoglobin
145
sickle cell anemia
The Sickle-Cell Hemoglobin will
crystalize in RBCs when exposed
to dehydration in the vascular
system, or low O2 in the
environment (for example at
altitude).
The Sickle Cell RBCs can clog
Capillaries and disrupt blood flow
Treatment: transfusion of healthy
RBCs from a donor
146
blood types in humans
O (universal donor), O+, B-, B+, A-, A+, AB-, AB+ (universal recipient)
147
congestive heart failure
A weakening of the muscles
associated with the Right Ventricle
caused by Coronary Artery Disease
148
pleural effusion
a build-up of fluid in the pleural cavity
149
central nervous system
controls the rate of breathing
150
neuron
CNS cell
151
Respiratory Rhythmicity Center
In the Brain Stem (Medulla
Oblongata) the Respiratory
Rhythmicity Center (box) controls
both involuntary and voluntary
breathing through different centers.
152
involuntary control of breathing
The Involuntary Respiratory Centers
control the contraction of the
Intercostal Muscles, and the
Diaphragm every second that you are
alive
153
voluntary control of breathing
The Voluntary control of breathing
gives you the option to momentarily
increase you breathing rate
154
narcotic pain reliever
depresses the activity of the Brainstem Rhythmicity Center leading to death
155
opiates
Can depress the activity of the Brainstem Rhythmicity Center leading to death
156
sedatives
Can depress the activity of the Brainstem Rhythmicity Center leading to death
157
opiate receptors
on our neurons, sense opiates
158
enkephalin
same shape as an opiate molecule
159
glycosidic bond
bonds that link carbohydrates/glucose
160
Glycosidases
break glycosidic bonds
161
amino acids
20 total, 8 essential
162
peptide bond
bonds proteins together
163
protease
breaks apart a protein
164
essential amino acid
8 of them, our bodies cannot make them and we must obtain them from the environment
165
complex lipid
chain of lipids
166
fatty acid
make up phospholipids which make up complex lipids
167
glycerol
combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides
168
ester bond
links fatty acids to glycerol
169
phospholipids
polymers of fatty acids linked by ester bonds to glycerol
170
lipases
breaks ester bonds
171
essential fatty acids
your cells cannot make these
172
nucleic acids
polymers of either deoxyribose nucleotides or oxyribose nucleotides linked via phosphodiester bonds
173
deoxyribose nucleotides
no oxygen on __ carbon
174
oxyribose nucleotides
oxygen on __ carbon
175
phosphodiester bonds
link nucleic acids
176
Phosphodiesterases
break phosphodiester bonds to release nucleotides
177
vitamins
organic complexes that your cells cannot make
178
minerals
ions of elements that your cells cannot make
179
intracellular digestion
macromolecules
needed as sources for amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, and
nucleotides can be obtained from the extracellular fluid, performed in the lysosome
180
hydrolytic enzymes
breaks down macromolecules to AAs, glucose, FAs, nucleotides
181
zooplankton phytoplankton
another source of nucleic acids and lipids, similar to macromolecules
182
extracellular digestion
Extracellular Digestion implies “outside” the body, GI tract being technically outside the body
183
nematocysts
little stingers, injects a dose of neurotoxin into fish
184
neurotoxin
paralyzes or kills jelly prey
185
filter feeder
whale shark
186
substrate feeder
eats dirt, dead organisms and small organisms provide nutrition
187
fluid feeder
mosquito
188
bulk feeder
human
189
GI Tract
the tract of your GI system
190
mouth
where you take in food
191
anus
where waste is expelled
192
mechanical force
physical movement of gi tract to break down food
193
chemical processes
hydrochloric acid and others produced from various organs
194
enzyme-mediated reactions
sped up by enzymes
195
digestive enzymes
specific catalysts for the GI tract
196
absorption
getting glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides to cells
197
oral cavity
the mouth
198
salivary glands
exocrine glands: releases secretory
products into a duct network that leads
out of the body. acinus formed at end of duct. either mucous or amylase produced-food dependent
199
esophagus
tubule linking mouth to site for mechanical digestion
200
stomach
a site for mechanical digestion
201
liver
produces bile salts, transferred via common bile duct
202
gallbladder
a bag to store bile salts
203
pancreas
Secretory Cells in an Acinus release
Hydrolytic Enzymes such as Amylases,
Proteases (Trypsin and Chymotrypsin),
Nucleases, and Lipases
Duct Cells release H2O and Bicarbonate Ion
204
small intestine
jejunum and ileum. good for absorption
205
large intestine
helps body retain water, terrestrial beings
206
saliva
mostly mucus.
Saliva also contains the enzyme Amylase.
Amylase starts breaking apart
carbohydrates
Saliva provides the water environment to
start chemical digestion of food particles,
and it makes it possible for you to swallow
207
mucus
Mucus is a mixture of H20, Na+ & Cl- ions,
glycoproteins, neural buffering agents (pH =
7), and antibacterial agents
208
antibacterial agents
?
209
amylase
breaks down carbohydrates in the stomach and then denatures in the stomach acid
210
sublingual (salivary gland)
under the tongue
211
submandibular (salivary gland)
near the lower jaw
212
parotid (salivary gland)
near the hinge between the upper and lower jaw
213
exocrine gland
releases secretory products into a duct network that leads out of the body
214
acinus of a salivary gland
little bulb at end of gland where either mucus or amylase is released. serous or mucousal cells
215
gastroesophageal junction
Food particles enter the Stomach at the
Gastroesophageal junction
216
epiglottis
When you eat, the Epiglottis covers the opening to the Trachea
When you breath or talk the Epiglottis moves to expose the opening of the Trachea
217
rugae
ridges in the walls of the stomach, rubs against food particles to break them down
218
gastric juice
lowers the ph to 2, proteins denature, macromolecules break down
219
chyme
solution in the lumen of the stomach
220
pepsin
breaks proteins into polypeptide fragments
221
protease
group of proteolytic enzymes that hydrolyze proteins
222
gastric pit
source of Gastric Acid and Pepsin. has many cell types
223
parietal cell of gastric pit
make and release hydrochloric acid
224
hydrochloric acid
The hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice breaks down the food and the digestive enzymes split up the proteins
225
chief cell of gastric pit
make and secrete pepsin
226
gastric ulcer
cells in the lining of the stomach break down, The concern is that bacteria will pass through the breech in the Stomach wall and get into your blood stream
227
pyloric sphincter
a value that separates the Stomach from the Small Intestine As Chyme passes through the Pyloric Sphincter into the Small Intestine, secretory cells release Bicarbonate Ion to neutralize the pH of the Chyme
228
bile salts
act as a detergent on
complex lipids to breakup lipid complexes
and to expose the Lipids to Lipases. released into the duodenum lumen
229
liver cell
- Store Glucose as the carbohydrate Glycogen,
and release Glucose into the vascular system
when needed
- Store Fatty Acids as Triglycerides in Lipid
droplets, and release Triglycerides into the
vascular system when needed
- De-toxify foreign substances picked up during
digestion (delivered by Hepatic Portal Vein)
- Make Bile Salts from the break down of RBCs,
and release into Bile ducts that go to the
Gallbladder
- Make Cholesterol, and release into the vascular
system
- Make Insulin-like Growth Factor (needed for
long bone growth and muscle maintenance),
and release into the vascular system
- Make the precursor for Angiotensin II (blood
pressure regulation) and release into the
vascular system
230
lipase
breaks down individual phospholipids to individual fatty acids
231
gallbladder disease
when bile salts crystalize due to dehydration and form gallstones
232
gallstone
crystalized bile salts
233
exocrine pancreas
Secretory Cells in an Acinus release
Hydrolytic Enzymes such as Amylases,
Proteases (Trypsin and Chymotrypsin),
Nucleases, and Lipases
Duct Cells release H2O and Bicarbonate Ion
234
acinus of the exocrine pancreas
secretory and duct cells
235
trypsin
a protease
236
chymotrypsin
a protease
237
nucleases
break down nucleic acids into individual nucleotides
