Immune System Flashcards
pathogen
any organism that causes disease
innate immunity
nonspecific mechanisms such as barriers that are always present and specialized cells that attack different classes of pathogens.
barrier defense
skin or other things to physically protect
molecular recognition
foreign entities with protein markers on their surface that can be recognized by the immune system.
molecular markers
protein markers
hemocytes
specialized cells that have surface receptors to recognize the different types of foreign entities.
receptor
located on the plasma membrane of a hemocyte
phagocytosis
- receptor detects virus. 2. endocytic vesicle forms. 3. endocytic vesicle fuses with lysosome. 4. lysosome degrades virus.
lysosome
site for intracellular digestion
rna polymerase
an enzyme that uses a nucleic acid template to make a complementary RNA
reverse transcriptase
an enzyme that uses an RNA template to make a complementary DNA
double-strand RNA
contains viral dna and generated in host cells during viral replication
R2D2
a protein
skin
a barrier defense
mucous membrane
nasal, oral, urogenital. mucous traps infectious agents. the enzyme lysozyme is in mucous and tears. lysozyme breaks open bacterial cells.
antimicrobial proteins
internal defenses. interferon.
inflammatory response
part of internal defense. 1. platelets collagen fibers. 2. mast cells release histamine. 3. neutrophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages leave capillary and phagocytize foreign cells.
adaptive immunity
takes more time. includes the humeral response, b-lymphocytes (produce antibodies), cell-mediated response, t-lymphocytes.
humeral response
the role of b-lymphocytes in recognizing and attacking foreign proteins in your vascular system and lymphatic system.
b-lymphocyte/b-cell
produces antibodies.
cell mediated response
the role of t-lymphocytes in detecting and destroying foreign organisms. 1. macrophage detects virus, phagocytocytizes virus. 2. macrophage presents viral protein fragment on its PM. 3. helper t-cell detects viral protein fragment and is activated. 4. helper t-cell activates cytotoxic t-cell and b-cell. 5. b-cell releases antibody that targets virus. 6. cytotoxic t-cell kills cells infected by virus.
t-lymphocyte/t-cell
detects and destroys foreign organisms.
blood fluke
schistoma - parasitic disease.
lysozyme
breaks open bacterial cells
lymphatic system
connected to thymus gland. b and t cells move to the lymph nodes
lymph node
b-memory cells found here and on patrol in vascular system.
dendritic cell
move in and out of capillaries in the integument. they phagocytize foreign cells.
neutrophil
they circulate the vascular system and engage infectious agents in the vascular system or at a site of injury.
macrophage
they circulate the vascular system and engage infectious agents in the vascular system or at a site of injury.
mast cell
releases histamine which causes capillary in wound area to dilate and leak plasma.
natural killer cell
move in and out of vascular system. scan cells via pm receptors. attack target cells by secreting peforin
peferin
enzyme that punches a hole in peferin
granzymes
proteases that enter the target cell through the hole made by peferin and break down the target cell.
interferon
warns neighboring cells that a virus attack is imminent
complement system
a set of proteins. detector recognizes and binds to surface of foreign cell. recruits other proteins that form a pore through pm of foreign cell.
platelets
a cell fragment that forms clots and prevents bleeding.
histamine
causes capillary in the wound area to dilate and plasma to leak out.
immunoglobulin
an antibody and the primary tool of adaptive immunity. protein complex. two heavy and two light chains.
antigen
some foreign marker substance
antigen binding site
two identical sites on one antibody
variable region
where an antigen bonds
constant region
same for all members of a species
thymus
makes lymphocytes, and is connected to the lymphatic system.
self-tolerance
lymphocytes with antibodies that would bind to your proteins are eliminated.
autoimmune disease
failure to remove t and b-lymphocytes that recognizes self proteins.
rheumatoid arthritis
attack on joints.
graves disease
attach on thyroid gland.
memory cell
b-cell or t-cell
plasma cell
b-cell
helper t-cells
generals of immune system. coordinates action of macrophages, cytotoxic t-cells, and b-cells. target of HIV virus.
cytotoxic t-cells
directed by helper t-cells. destroys foreign substances by using peferin to make a hole in PM and depositing toxins in the target cell.
regulatory t-cells
regulate the process of maintaining tolerance to self antigens and they prevent autoimmune diseases.
active immunity
exposure to an antigen and activation of the adaptive immune response.
passive immunity
passing of antibodies from a mother to a fetus.
immunization
fragments of virus are injected into a non-immune person to stimulate an immune response by t-cells and b-cells.
