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Physiological Systems > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen

A

any organism that causes disease

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2
Q

innate immunity

A

nonspecific mechanisms such as barriers that are always present and specialized cells that attack different classes of pathogens.

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3
Q

barrier defense

A

skin or other things to physically protect

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4
Q

molecular recognition

A

foreign entities with protein markers on their surface that can be recognized by the immune system.

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5
Q

molecular markers

A

protein markers

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6
Q

hemocytes

A

specialized cells that have surface receptors to recognize the different types of foreign entities.

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7
Q

receptor

A

located on the plasma membrane of a hemocyte

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8
Q

phagocytosis

A
  1. receptor detects virus. 2. endocytic vesicle forms. 3. endocytic vesicle fuses with lysosome. 4. lysosome degrades virus.
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9
Q

lysosome

A

site for intracellular digestion

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10
Q

rna polymerase

A

an enzyme that uses a nucleic acid template to make a complementary RNA

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11
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

an enzyme that uses an RNA template to make a complementary DNA

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12
Q

double-strand RNA

A

contains viral dna and generated in host cells during viral replication

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13
Q

R2D2

A

a protein

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14
Q

skin

A

a barrier defense

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15
Q

mucous membrane

A

nasal, oral, urogenital. mucous traps infectious agents. the enzyme lysozyme is in mucous and tears. lysozyme breaks open bacterial cells.

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16
Q

antimicrobial proteins

A

internal defenses. interferon.

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17
Q

inflammatory response

A

part of internal defense. 1. platelets collagen fibers. 2. mast cells release histamine. 3. neutrophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages leave capillary and phagocytize foreign cells.

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18
Q

adaptive immunity

A

takes more time. includes the humeral response, b-lymphocytes (produce antibodies), cell-mediated response, t-lymphocytes.

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19
Q

humeral response

A

the role of b-lymphocytes in recognizing and attacking foreign proteins in your vascular system and lymphatic system.

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20
Q

b-lymphocyte/b-cell

A

produces antibodies.

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21
Q

cell mediated response

A

the role of t-lymphocytes in detecting and destroying foreign organisms. 1. macrophage detects virus, phagocytocytizes virus. 2. macrophage presents viral protein fragment on its PM. 3. helper t-cell detects viral protein fragment and is activated. 4. helper t-cell activates cytotoxic t-cell and b-cell. 5. b-cell releases antibody that targets virus. 6. cytotoxic t-cell kills cells infected by virus.

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22
Q

t-lymphocyte/t-cell

A

detects and destroys foreign organisms.

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23
Q

blood fluke

A

schistoma - parasitic disease.

24
Q

lysozyme

A

breaks open bacterial cells

25
Q

lymphatic system

A

connected to thymus gland. b and t cells move to the lymph nodes

26
Q

lymph node

A

b-memory cells found here and on patrol in vascular system.

27
Q

dendritic cell

A

move in and out of capillaries in the integument. they phagocytize foreign cells.

28
Q

neutrophil

A

they circulate the vascular system and engage infectious agents in the vascular system or at a site of injury.

29
Q

macrophage

A

they circulate the vascular system and engage infectious agents in the vascular system or at a site of injury.

30
Q

mast cell

A

releases histamine which causes capillary in wound area to dilate and leak plasma.

31
Q

natural killer cell

A

move in and out of vascular system. scan cells via pm receptors. attack target cells by secreting peforin

32
Q

peferin

A

enzyme that punches a hole in peferin

33
Q

granzymes

A

proteases that enter the target cell through the hole made by peferin and break down the target cell.

34
Q

interferon

A

warns neighboring cells that a virus attack is imminent

35
Q

complement system

A

a set of proteins. detector recognizes and binds to surface of foreign cell. recruits other proteins that form a pore through pm of foreign cell.

36
Q

platelets

A

a cell fragment that forms clots and prevents bleeding.

37
Q

histamine

A

causes capillary in the wound area to dilate and plasma to leak out.

38
Q

immunoglobulin

A

an antibody and the primary tool of adaptive immunity. protein complex. two heavy and two light chains.

39
Q

antigen

A

some foreign marker substance

40
Q

antigen binding site

A

two identical sites on one antibody

41
Q

variable region

A

where an antigen bonds

42
Q

constant region

A

same for all members of a species

43
Q

thymus

A

makes lymphocytes, and is connected to the lymphatic system.

44
Q

self-tolerance

A

lymphocytes with antibodies that would bind to your proteins are eliminated.

45
Q

autoimmune disease

A

failure to remove t and b-lymphocytes that recognizes self proteins.

46
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

attack on joints.

47
Q

graves disease

A

attach on thyroid gland.

48
Q

memory cell

A

b-cell or t-cell

49
Q

plasma cell

A

b-cell

50
Q

helper t-cells

A

generals of immune system. coordinates action of macrophages, cytotoxic t-cells, and b-cells. target of HIV virus.

51
Q

cytotoxic t-cells

A

directed by helper t-cells. destroys foreign substances by using peferin to make a hole in PM and depositing toxins in the target cell.

52
Q

regulatory t-cells

A

regulate the process of maintaining tolerance to self antigens and they prevent autoimmune diseases.

53
Q

active immunity

A

exposure to an antigen and activation of the adaptive immune response.

54
Q

passive immunity

A

passing of antibodies from a mother to a fetus.

55
Q

immunization

A

fragments of virus are injected into a non-immune person to stimulate an immune response by t-cells and b-cells.

Physiological Systems (7 decks)

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