Immune System

Question 1

pathogen

Answer 1

any organism that causes disease

Question 2

innate immunity

Answer 2

nonspecific mechanisms such as barriers that are always present and specialized cells that attack different classes of pathogens.

Question 3

barrier defense

Answer 3

skin or other things to physically protect

Question 4

molecular recognition

Answer 4

foreign entities with protein markers on their surface that can be recognized by the immune system.

Question 5

molecular markers

Answer 5

protein markers

Question 6

hemocytes

Answer 6

specialized cells that have surface receptors to recognize the different types of foreign entities.

Question 7

receptor

Answer 7

located on the plasma membrane of a hemocyte

Question 8

phagocytosis

Answer 8

1. receptor detects virus. 2. endocytic vesicle forms. 3. endocytic vesicle fuses with lysosome. 4. lysosome degrades virus.

Question 9

lysosome

Answer 9

site for intracellular digestion

Question 10

rna polymerase

Answer 10

an enzyme that uses a nucleic acid template to make a complementary RNA

Question 11

reverse transcriptase

Answer 11

an enzyme that uses an RNA template to make a complementary DNA

Question 12

double-strand RNA

Answer 12

contains viral dna and generated in host cells during viral replication

Question 13

R2D2

Answer 13

a protein

Question 14

skin

Answer 14

a barrier defense

Question 15

mucous membrane

Answer 15

nasal, oral, urogenital. mucous traps infectious agents. the enzyme lysozyme is in mucous and tears. lysozyme breaks open bacterial cells.

Question 16

antimicrobial proteins

Answer 16

internal defenses. interferon.

Question 17

inflammatory response

Answer 17

part of internal defense. 1. platelets collagen fibers. 2. mast cells release histamine. 3. neutrophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages leave capillary and phagocytize foreign cells.

Question 18

adaptive immunity

Answer 18

takes more time. includes the humeral response, b-lymphocytes (produce antibodies), cell-mediated response, t-lymphocytes.

Question 19

humeral response

Answer 19

the role of b-lymphocytes in recognizing and attacking foreign proteins in your vascular system and lymphatic system.

Question 20

b-lymphocyte/b-cell

Answer 20

produces antibodies.

Question 21

cell mediated response

Answer 21

the role of t-lymphocytes in detecting and destroying foreign organisms. 1. macrophage detects virus, phagocytocytizes virus. 2. macrophage presents viral protein fragment on its PM. 3. helper t-cell detects viral protein fragment and is activated. 4. helper t-cell activates cytotoxic t-cell and b-cell. 5. b-cell releases antibody that targets virus. 6. cytotoxic t-cell kills cells infected by virus.

Question 22

t-lymphocyte/t-cell

Answer 22

detects and destroys foreign organisms.

Question 23

blood fluke

Answer 23

schistoma - parasitic disease.

Question 24

lysozyme

Answer 24

breaks open bacterial cells

Question 25

lymphatic system

Answer 25

connected to thymus gland. b and t cells move to the lymph nodes

Question 26

lymph node

Answer 26

b-memory cells found here and on patrol in vascular system.

Question 27

dendritic cell

Answer 27

move in and out of capillaries in the integument. they phagocytize foreign cells.

Question 28

neutrophil

Answer 28

they circulate the vascular system and engage infectious agents in the vascular system or at a site of injury.

Question 29

macrophage

Answer 29

they circulate the vascular system and engage infectious agents in the vascular system or at a site of injury.

Question 30

mast cell

Answer 30

releases histamine which causes capillary in wound area to dilate and leak plasma.

Question 31

natural killer cell

Answer 31

move in and out of vascular system. scan cells via pm receptors. attack target cells by secreting peforin

Question 32

peferin

Answer 32

enzyme that punches a hole in peferin

Question 33

granzymes

Answer 33

proteases that enter the target cell through the hole made by peferin and break down the target cell.

Question 34

interferon

Answer 34

warns neighboring cells that a virus attack is imminent

Question 35

complement system

Answer 35

a set of proteins. detector recognizes and binds to surface of foreign cell. recruits other proteins that form a pore through pm of foreign cell.

Question 36

platelets

Answer 36

a cell fragment that forms clots and prevents bleeding.

Question 37

histamine

Answer 37

causes capillary in the wound area to dilate and plasma to leak out.

Question 38

immunoglobulin

Answer 38

an antibody and the primary tool of adaptive immunity. protein complex. two heavy and two light chains.

Question 39

antigen

Answer 39

some foreign marker substance

Question 40

antigen binding site

Answer 40

two identical sites on one antibody

Question 41

variable region

Answer 41

where an antigen bonds

Question 42

constant region

Answer 42

same for all members of a species

Question 43

thymus

Answer 43

makes lymphocytes, and is connected to the lymphatic system.

Question 44

self-tolerance

Answer 44

lymphocytes with antibodies that would bind to your proteins are eliminated.

Question 45

autoimmune disease

Answer 45

failure to remove t and b-lymphocytes that recognizes self proteins.

Question 46

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 46

attack on joints.

Question 47

graves disease

Answer 47

attach on thyroid gland.

Question 48

memory cell

Answer 48

b-cell or t-cell

Question 49

plasma cell

Answer 49

b-cell

Question 50

helper t-cells

Answer 50

generals of immune system. coordinates action of macrophages, cytotoxic t-cells, and b-cells. target of HIV virus.

Question 51

cytotoxic t-cells

Answer 51

directed by helper t-cells. destroys foreign substances by using peferin to make a hole in PM and depositing toxins in the target cell.

Question 52

regulatory t-cells

Answer 52

regulate the process of maintaining tolerance to self antigens and they prevent autoimmune diseases.

Question 53

active immunity

Answer 53

exposure to an antigen and activation of the adaptive immune response.

Question 54

passive immunity

Answer 54

passing of antibodies from a mother to a fetus.

Question 55

immunization

Answer 55

fragments of virus are injected into a non-immune person to stimulate an immune response by t-cells and b-cells.