plants Flashcards
definition and origine plants
thought to have evolved from green algae
plant are embryophyte (produce embryo), green algae isnt
multicellular, eukaryotes, cellulose in cell wall, energy stored as starch
have roots, stems, leaves
almost all autotrophic (produce their own organic compounds)
vast majority belong to angiosperms
groups are: bryophytes (ex: mosses) and seedless vascular plants (ex ferns) and in the seed vascular plants, gymnosperms (ex: conifers) and angiosperms (ex: flowering plants)
live on land because sun isnt filtered by water, more CO2, nutrient rich soil
anatomy
organ system are shoot (stems and leaves) and root system, organs are stems( for height and exposure to light, transports nutrients and support leaves/flowers/fruits), leaves (photosynthesis, more surface area is advantegeous), roots (anchor plant, nutriest uptake and storage) with additional organs in higher plants
In all vascular plants, absent in non vascular plants
have reporductive organs ex flowers for angiosperms and cones fro conifers, archegonium for fern and moss
tissues vascular plants
Epidermis: covers plant surface
Vascular tissues, transports nutries
In vein: xylem (dead cells) for water and minerals and phloem (alive) for sugars, aa, fa, hormones),
mesophyll (for photosynthesis) mostly in leaves, little to non in stems
cuticle
epidermis: gard cells seperate of come close to form stoma/ stomata (pores for gass exchange mainly)
groud tissues, perfoms fucntions like photosynthesis, food storage, hormone production
difference in non vascular plants
non vasuclar differ,
no vascular tissues, leaf like structures but do photosynthesis, stem like fo photosynthesis, water moves by diffucion from cell to cell
rhizoids: root like, nutries must be distributes by cell to cell diffusion, can absorb water/nutries
cell to cell diffusion
can take place in vascular plants also
nutries move between cells trough plasmodesmata (pores)
adaptation plants use to live on land
waxy cyticle for preventing water loss and microbes
stomata for gas exchane
ligning in vascular tissues for structural support and to be taller and reach light
mychorrhiza: mutualistic association between fungus and plant (fungus extends reach of plant in soil, plant gives fungus organic food), aids in obtaining nutrients
secondary coumpounds: attrack polinators, or deter herbivores, protect from UV, etc
each will use and adapt these modification to suit their evironment, ex cuticle is thicker in catus than in other plants
Adaptation
Leaf adaptation: spines
Stem adaptation: ex bulbs, tubers store food
root adaptation: air root
mixotrophic plants
venus traps, are autotrophic and heterotrophic, because of lack of nitrogen in soil, so they get it by eating organisms
Parasyte plants
phototrophic: mistletoe ex
heterotrophic plant: reflasea,
4 major groups of plants
bryophytes: no vasuclar tissues, no seeds, need h20 to reporduce
seedless vasular: vascular tissues, no seeds, need h20 to reproduce
gymnosperms: vascular tissues, seeds naked
Agiosperms: vascular tissues, seeds in fruits
bryophytes
photosynthetic, no vascular system (get water by cell to cell diffusion; small, slow growing)
moist environmeet needed for water reproduction
non vascular aids in growing in envoronments without soil through rhizoids
anatonmy of moss plant
gametophyte (haploid plant) of female and male fertilize, diploid zygote develops into a sporophyte
seedless
vasular plants, ex ferns
vascular plants help grow more
need water to reproduce
gymnosperms
vascular, gametes in pollen grains and ovules, forms seeds exposed on a stem or cone
pollination by wind
cones: naked seed
angiosperms
gametes in pollen or ovule, forms seeds enclosed in an ovary (fruit)
pollination by wind and pollinators
seed dispersal by wind or animal
produce seed and seed enclosed in ovary ( fruit)
90% of all plants
