diet

Question 1

4 macromolecules in all organisms, composition

Answer 1

nucleic acids: DNA RNA
Proteins: made of amino acids
Carbohydrates: ex glucose
Lipids: fats, phospholipids, steroids

all organic molecules, so contain a carbon backbone

made up of monomers who sometmes form polymers (3 or more)

Question 2

Monomers examples

Answer 2

monosaccharides
amino acids
nucleotides

Question 3

Polymer example

Answer 3

polysaccharides
protein
nucleic acids

lipids NOT polymer because not made up of repeating units of monomers

Question 4

synthesis reaction

Answer 4

reaction that removes water to form a longer chain of monomers (anabolic: building comples molecule from simple ones)

protein synthesis in a cell

Question 5

hydrolysis reaction

Answer 5

adding water to decompose a longer polymer into a monomer (catabolic: breakdown of a complex molecule into simpler ones)

Question 6

Carbohydrates (saccharides) classes and types

Answer 6

2 types, 3 classes

simple carbs (sugars) : monosaccharides (glucose(not macromolecule), fructose), disaccharides (lactose, sucrose)

complex carbs : polysaccharides (ex: starch, glycogen, fiber: polysaccharides which we dont have the enzymes to digest, can be digested by bacteria in digestive systems, protists in temrites, fungi in the env’t)

Question 7

Functions of carbohydrates

Answer 7

Immediate energy: monosaccharides and disaccharides (mainly glucose) can be used to make ATP, though cellular respiration or fermentation

Energy storage: excess glucose can be stored by bonding together to make polysaccharides (starch in plants, glycogen in prokaryotes, animlas, fungus). Polysaccharides can be digested later into di then monosaccharides then make ATP

Structural support: may be found in other molecules as support (ex DNA)

Question 8

Photoautotrophs and saccharides

Answer 8

Photoautotrophs make monosaccharides through photosynthesis, as opposed to heterotrophs that consume saccharides in their diet (most bacteria, animals, fungi and many protists)

Question 9

Cellular respiration formula

Answer 9

C6H1206 + 6 O2 + ADP +Pi = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O +ATP +HEAT

ATP: adenosine triphosphate, the energy carrying molecules in all cells

Question 10

Glycogen location

Answer 10

liver,skeletal muscles of animals

granules in unicellular organisms

Question 11

Structural support saccharides examples

Answer 11

Cellulose: plant cell wall

Chitin: exoskeletons, cell wall of fungus

Question 12

regulating blood sugar levels

Answer 12

animals produces hormones (insulin and glucagon). vertebrates make them in the pancreas, invertebrates have cells that make them

Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by targeting the liver (and sometimes fat) to breakdown their stored glycogen into glucose and release them in capillaries

Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver cells, skeletal muscles cells and adipose cells to store excess glucose into glycogen, then fat if everything else is full

Question 13

Diabetes types

Answer 13

Type 1: cells that make insulin are destroyed by immune systeme, no insuline made

Type 2: Insulin receptors not very sensible or dont make enough insulin

Gestational diabetes: diabetes when pregnant, goes away with birth

Question 14

Types of lipids

Answer 14

Fats: in food and made by cells. Saturated vs unsatturated, cis vs trans, 2x more energy than cellular respiration and insulates/protects internal organes, bodys maor sotrage form of energy. fat tissues can release fatty acids into blood when needed

Phospholipids: in some food and cells make

Steroids: in some food and cells make. Sterols: plants, fungus, protist, bacterial sterols
human sterols: cholesterol, bile acids
Steroids hormones: plants and animals

Question 15

Fat structure

Answer 15

called otherwise triglyceride

1 fat = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids, 3 dehydration synthesis reactions

Question 16

fatty acids

Answer 16

fatty acids cant be made by humans, must come from diet

essentail fatty acids: omega-3 and omega-6

differ in lenght, level of saturation. all this have an effect on shape of fatty acid. if satturated, then kinda straight, if unsaturated, then bend with double bonds

saturated: no double carbon-carbon bonds, hydrogen arround every carbon, increase LDL and risk of CVD, solid at room temp

monosaturated: 1 double c-c bond, liquid at room Temps

polysaturated: made double c-c bonds

only need 1unsaturated fatty acid for ther triglyceride to be unsaturated

cis unsaturated fatty acid: h on the same side of the c-c double bond

trans unsaturated fatty acid: h on the opposite sides of the c-c double bond. Unsaturated but look straight cause of the hydrogens. bad.

Question 17

hydrogenation

Answer 17

adding hydrogen to a fatty acid to increase shelf so it doesnt get oxidized, can however not be done properly and make a trans fatty acid

Turns monounsaturated in saturated fatty acids
turns polyunsaturated into unsaturated tran fatty acids

Question 18

3 types of lipid (class of molecule that dont dissolve in water)

Answer 18

fats

phospholipids

steroids

Question 19

phospholipids

Answer 19

Structure: 1 choline,1 phosphate, 1 glycerol (heads, hydrophilic)

hydrophobic fatty acid (2 FA, less hydrophbic than fat who has 3 FA: amphipathic: both hydrophilic and hydrophobic)

can be saturated, MUFA PUFA, cis, trans, etc just like fat

major constituent of cell membranes, orients in double layer as hydrophobic tails attrack one another

Question 20

types of steroids

Answer 20

sterols: in all cell membrane

cholesterol: precursor to bile acids, both sterols

good cholesterol: more protein, less lipid, increased by exercise

inverse for bad, will clog arteries, increased by saturated FA, trans, high blood sugar

Steroid hormones:

vitamin D

cholesterol precursor of vitamin D

sex hormones: estrogen (ovaries) terterne (testes)