diet Flashcards
4 macromolecules in all organisms, composition
nucleic acids: DNA RNA
Proteins: made of amino acids
Carbohydrates: ex glucose
Lipids: fats, phospholipids, steroids
all organic molecules, so contain a carbon backbone
made up of monomers who sometmes form polymers (3 or more)
Monomers examples
monosaccharides
amino acids
nucleotides
Polymer example
polysaccharides
protein
nucleic acids
lipids NOT polymer because not made up of repeating units of monomers
synthesis reaction
reaction that removes water to form a longer chain of monomers (anabolic: building comples molecule from simple ones)
protein synthesis in a cell
hydrolysis reaction
adding water to decompose a longer polymer into a monomer (catabolic: breakdown of a complex molecule into simpler ones)
Carbohydrates (saccharides) classes and types
2 types, 3 classes
simple carbs (sugars) : monosaccharides (glucose(not macromolecule), fructose), disaccharides (lactose, sucrose)
complex carbs : polysaccharides (ex: starch, glycogen, fiber: polysaccharides which we dont have the enzymes to digest, can be digested by bacteria in digestive systems, protists in temrites, fungi in the env’t)
Functions of carbohydrates
Immediate energy: monosaccharides and disaccharides (mainly glucose) can be used to make ATP, though cellular respiration or fermentation
Energy storage: excess glucose can be stored by bonding together to make polysaccharides (starch in plants, glycogen in prokaryotes, animlas, fungus). Polysaccharides can be digested later into di then monosaccharides then make ATP
Structural support: may be found in other molecules as support (ex DNA)
Photoautotrophs and saccharides
Photoautotrophs make monosaccharides through photosynthesis, as opposed to heterotrophs that consume saccharides in their diet (most bacteria, animals, fungi and many protists)
Cellular respiration formula
C6H1206 + 6 O2 + ADP +Pi = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O +ATP +HEAT
ATP: adenosine triphosphate, the energy carrying molecules in all cells
Glycogen location
liver,skeletal muscles of animals
granules in unicellular organisms
Structural support saccharides examples
Cellulose: plant cell wall
Chitin: exoskeletons, cell wall of fungus
regulating blood sugar levels
animals produces hormones (insulin and glucagon). vertebrates make them in the pancreas, invertebrates have cells that make them
Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by targeting the liver (and sometimes fat) to breakdown their stored glycogen into glucose and release them in capillaries
Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver cells, skeletal muscles cells and adipose cells to store excess glucose into glycogen, then fat if everything else is full
Diabetes types
Type 1: cells that make insulin are destroyed by immune systeme, no insuline made
Type 2: Insulin receptors not very sensible or dont make enough insulin
Gestational diabetes: diabetes when pregnant, goes away with birth
Types of lipids
Fats: in food and made by cells. Saturated vs unsatturated, cis vs trans, 2x more energy than cellular respiration and insulates/protects internal organes, bodys maor sotrage form of energy. fat tissues can release fatty acids into blood when needed
Phospholipids: in some food and cells make
Steroids: in some food and cells make. Sterols: plants, fungus, protist, bacterial sterols
human sterols: cholesterol, bile acids
Steroids hormones: plants and animals
Fat structure
called otherwise triglyceride
1 fat = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids, 3 dehydration synthesis reactions
fatty acids
fatty acids cant be made by humans, must come from diet
essentail fatty acids: omega-3 and omega-6
differ in lenght, level of saturation. all this have an effect on shape of fatty acid. if satturated, then kinda straight, if unsaturated, then bend with double bonds
saturated: no double carbon-carbon bonds, hydrogen arround every carbon, increase LDL and risk of CVD, solid at room temp
monosaturated: 1 double c-c bond, liquid at room Temps
polysaturated: made double c-c bonds
only need 1unsaturated fatty acid for ther triglyceride to be unsaturated
cis unsaturated fatty acid: h on the same side of the c-c double bond
trans unsaturated fatty acid: h on the opposite sides of the c-c double bond. Unsaturated but look straight cause of the hydrogens. bad.
hydrogenation
adding hydrogen to a fatty acid to increase shelf so it doesnt get oxidized, can however not be done properly and make a trans fatty acid
Turns monounsaturated in saturated fatty acids
turns polyunsaturated into unsaturated tran fatty acids
3 types of lipid (class of molecule that dont dissolve in water)
fats
phospholipids
steroids
phospholipids
Structure: 1 choline,1 phosphate, 1 glycerol (heads, hydrophilic)
hydrophobic fatty acid (2 FA, less hydrophbic than fat who has 3 FA: amphipathic: both hydrophilic and hydrophobic)
can be saturated, MUFA PUFA, cis, trans, etc just like fat
major constituent of cell membranes, orients in double layer as hydrophobic tails attrack one another
types of steroids
sterols: in all cell membrane
cholesterol: precursor to bile acids, both sterols
good cholesterol: more protein, less lipid, increased by exercise
inverse for bad, will clog arteries, increased by saturated FA, trans, high blood sugar
Steroid hormones:
vitamin D
cholesterol precursor of vitamin D
sex hormones: estrogen (ovaries) terterne (testes)
