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Bis 2c > Plantae > Flashcards

Plantae Flashcards

1
Q

Which organisms are primary produces cyanobacteria, corals, and redwood tree?

A

All

corals are bc of symbiotic relationship

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2
Q

primary producers are

A

carbon fixers to build more complex compounds

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3
Q

endemism

A

only occurs in one place on earth ex: redwood

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4
Q

key feature of the plantae lineage

A

chloroplasts resulting from primary endosymbiosis

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5
Q

t/f the mitochondrion and chloroplasts arose only one time in the evolution of eukaryotes

A

T bc its synapomorphy

chloroplasts in eukaryotes are from secondary or more endosymbiosis

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6
Q

____plants are descendants of ____ ancestors

A

land plants are descendants of aquatic ancestors

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7
Q

challenges to life for early was NOT CO2 availability bc

A

more CO2 in land in compared to sea

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8
Q

what are the advantages of being on land vs water

A
  1. more sunlight

2. increased CO2

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9
Q

Algae refers to early diverging plant lineage all of which are ____ aquatic

A

aquatic

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10
Q

Gluacophtes

A
  • retain a layer of peptidoglycan = good evidence for endosymbiosis of chloroplasts
  • use same pigment of cyanobacteria : chlorphyll a
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11
Q

Chloroplast genomes are diploid is not evidence supporting the endosymbiotic origin of the chloroplasts because?

A

bacteria are haploid

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12
Q

chloroplasts dicide by

A

binary fission

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13
Q

why is red algae red

A

they use phycoerythrin which has a red tint

sushi nori is red algae

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14
Q

t/f chlorophyll type a is an ancestral feature of plantae

A

T

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15
Q

green plants include green algae and land plants

what to they use to store energy as starch

A

chlorophyll b

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16
Q

Streptophytes

A

share a unique form of cell division

some spindle fibers are left and cell plates form around and creates holes when spindle goes away
holes = plasmodesmata

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17
Q

Embryophyte synamorphies are directly tied to the transition from life in water to life in land

4 synamorphies

A

1) protected embryos
2) sporopollenin : coating around spores
3) multicellular sporophyte
4) waxy cuticle

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18
Q

a shared feature in sexual reproduction of all eukaryotes

A

fusion of haploid gametes into a zygote

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19
Q

embryophyte = ____ plants

A

land plants

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20
Q

waxy cuticle helps with ______

A

desiccation

prevents water loss

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21
Q

t/f gametes is only and always produced by meiosis

A

F meiosis and mitosis

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22
Q

meiosis vs mitosis

A

meiosis has reduction in policy 2n—>n

mitosis policy stays the same n—>n

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23
Q

Diplontic life cycles

A

Draw

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24
Q

why is zygote not multicellular

A

it is one cell and multicellular is the result of the zygote dividing through mitosis

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25
Q

diplontic vs haplontic

A

if mature organism is 2n then diplontic

is mature organism is n then haplontic

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26
Q

all land plants share _____ life cycles

A

alternating life cycles

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27
Q

zoospores vs. spores

A

spores can fly through air. and have sporpollenin that reduces water loss

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28
Q

non-vascular plants

name the 3

A 
bryophytes
paraphyletic groups 
-liverworts
-Moses
-hornworts
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29
Q

whats the defining feature of bryophyte

A

pokilohydry = water content matches environment

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30
Q

bryophyte have a ______ can dry down to0% water and still survive

A

desiccation tolerance

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31
Q

bryophytes ____ true leaves. many sections are only ___ cell thick

A

bryophytes lack true leaves and many sections are only one cell thick

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32
Q

Bryophytes_____ vascular tissues : they ____ roots

A

lack; dont

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33
Q

rhizoids

A

“roots” in bryophytes

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34
Q

Mychorrizhae

A

bryophytes form symbiosis so that their SA expands

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35
Q

which bryophyte does not have a guard cell?

A

liverworts… they can’t regulate water loss

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36
Q

how does stomata work

A

guard cell open = photosynthesis (CO2 comes in) for guard cell to open it needs water

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37
Q

bryophyte is dominant gametophyte or sporophyte?

whats dependent to what?

A

gametophyte dominant…. sporophyte is neutron dependent to gametphyte

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38
Q

Archegonia

A

produces egg

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39
Q

antheridia

A

produces sperm

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40
Q

why does it have to be rainy for fertilization to happen?

A

sperm has to swim to the eggs then after fertilization occurs sporophyte is made

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41
Q

homosporous alternation of generation life cycle

A

only one size of spore is produced

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42
Q

hornworn sprophyts vs. liverworts and moss sporophyte

A

liverwort and moss sporophyte is only green for a few then turns brown. when brown it can’t photosynthesis

hornworts’ sporophyte is always green and has indeterminate growth

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43
Q

indeterminate growth

A

continues to grow as long as plant is alive

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44
Q

why are hornworts Bluegreen

A

bc they symbiont with cyanobacteria

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45
Q

sphagnum mosses

A
  • have amazing preservative properties bc of low oxygenated high acidity
  • absorption
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46
Q

why are algae bad “parents”

A

they kick out the zygote s o no embryo is made

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47
Q

function of sperm and egg vs. spores

A

sperm and egg to make spores

spores is for dispersal

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48
Q

roots vs shoots

A

root is underground shoot is above

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49
Q

meristems

two places

A

can differentiate into other cells

root and shoot

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50
Q

petiole

A

connects leaf to plant

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51
Q

four organs of plant body

A

leaves, stem, roots, flowers

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52
Q

nodes

A

stem division

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53
Q

auxiliary buds/meristem

A

when cut plant grows our

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54
Q

Dermal tissue

A

form epidermis and secrete waxy compounds

where the stomata are

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55
Q

vascular tissue

A

xylem and phloem (transport water minerals and sugar)

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56
Q

Ground tissue

A

fill in the inner space of the plant and perform metabolic storage functions

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57
Q

Tracheophytes

A

monophyletic

vascular plants

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58
Q

Synamorphies of vascular plants

3

A

-tracheids: conducts water
-true roots: anchor plants
independent
-independent sporophyte:: large dominant part that can do photosynthesis

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59
Q

bryophytes vs vascular plants (sporophyte)

A

bryophyte : gametophyte dominant

vascular plants: sporophyte dominant

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60
Q

sporophyte dominant adv.

A

more spores and more offspring

big sporophyte = increased reproduction

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61
Q

Rhyniophytes (vascular plants)

A
  • extinct lineage of plants with a dichotomously bunched sporophyte and simple sporangia
  • lack roots and true leaves
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62
Q

xylem

A

conducts water

connected by pits

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63
Q

phloem

A

conducts photosynthate

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64
Q

Tracheids vs vessel elements

A

tracheids :first type of xylem tissue transport water (small straw)

vessel elements: evolved with seed plants (boba straw)

65
Q

phloem

A

alive and composed of two parts

  • sieve tube elements
  • companion cell (regulates function of sieve tube) has organelles
66
Q

water transport is _____ and sugar transport is ____

A

water transport is passive but sugar transport is active bc it needs ATP to put sugar into fruits and pump water out of fruit

67
Q

sink

A

can’t do photosynthesis and have to get pumped sugars

68
Q

Lycophytes

A

vascular plants that have true roots
sporophyte dominant
microphylls

69
Q

Coal came from_____

A

lycophytes forests

70
Q

3 groups of lycophytes

A

quillworts, saleginella, lycopodium

71
Q

characteristic feature of lycophytes

A

Microphylls : small leaf like structures that have a single vein of vascular tissue

72
Q

sterilized sporangium analysis

A

sporangia contains spores and sterilized leaving just the tissue which became the microphylls

73
Q

sporangia

A

clustered at bases of microphlls

74
Q

strobilus

A

cluster organized sporangia (cone)

75
Q

Which lycophyte has heterospory?

A

Selaginella

76
Q

Heterospory

A

2 sizes of spores

77
Q

an advantage of heterospory is that plants develop specialized _____

A

gametophytes

78
Q

do u get equal amount of megaspore and microspore

A

no because megaspore is big more microspores are produced

79
Q

Euphyllophytes

A

all vascular pants that have large vascular leaves MEGAPHYLLS

monilophtes, gymnosperms and angiosperms

80
Q

why are microphylls not true leaves

A

they evolved due to sterilized sporangia

81
Q

megaphylls evolution steps

A

1) overtopping : unequal branching bc one stem becomes dominant
2) planation: flattening
3) webbing: filing in flattened part

82
Q

microphylls and megaphylls are not homologous structures because ?

A

they evolved from different processes

83
Q

Euphyllophytes all share a unique ______ of ______ DNA (synapomorphy of euphyllophytes)

A

Euphyllophytes all share a unique inversion of chloroplast DNA

84
Q

Monilophytes

A

part of euphyllophytes

  • ferns
  • horsetail
  • whisk fern
85
Q

monilophtes are homosporous .. whats homosporous ?

A

free living, nutritionally independent gametophyte

2 different entity of the same plant

86
Q

sori

A

clusters of sporangia that ‘fling’ spores

87
Q

horsetails have reduced lives but why are they under euphillophytes?

A

their ancestors must have had large leaves then were reduced overtime

88
Q

Psilotum’s similar features to rhynophytes

A

1) no roots
2) dichotomous branching
3) simple sporangia at tip

but psilotum is part of monilophytes bc they have inversion of chloroplast DNA

89
Q

does lycophytes have chloroplast inversion?

A

no, they’re not part of euphillophytes

90
Q

seed plans have _____ and ______. All seed plants are ____

A 
secondary growth (BVC) 
and makes seed

all seed plants are heterosporous

91
Q

pollen is the ____

A

microgametophye that makes the sperm

92
Q

seeds contain___ which germinate

A

embryos which germinate under favorable conditions

93
Q

3 main parts of seeds

A

embryo, nutritive tissue, seed coat

94
Q

sees have incredible longetivity

A

they can be plants even after a long time

95
Q

all seed plants make seeds but T/F not all seeds make fruit

A

T

96
Q

3 ways of seed dispersal

A

water, wind, animals

97
Q

primary growth

A

height
down in the roots up in the shoot
(use meristems)

98
Q

secondary growth

A 
add width (girth)
use Bifcial vascular cambium
99
Q

secondary xylem

A

wood… xylem stops transporting water and gets dried up and crushed

100
Q

Tree rings are formed by the differential growth of _______

A

secondary xylem

101
Q

___ produce light colored and _____ dense rings

A

wet conditions produce light-colored and less dense rings

102
Q

____ conditions produce dark color and ____ dense rings

A

dry conditions produce dark colored and more dense rings

103
Q

two types of gymnosperm cones

A

megasporia : woody and female

microsporia: leafy male

104
Q

gymnosperms

A 
"naked seed"
cycad
ginkgo 
gnetophytes 
conifers
105
Q

why don’t gymnosperms make fruits?

A

bc they lack ovaries

106
Q

seed plants have pollen.. whats the advantage?

A

instead of sperm having to swim to the egg.. the pollen delivers the sperm to the egg

107
Q

in seed plants spores develop into gametophytes and never leave the parent plant (t/f)

A

true… gametophyte doesn’t leave but the pollen does

108
Q

pollen (microgametophyte) transforms perm to the egg using a _____

A

pollen tube

109
Q

____ megaspores are made but only ___ is viable

A

4; 1

110
Q

nutritive tissue inside of gymnosperm is _____ because ?

A

haploid because it is the remains of the megagametophyte

111
Q

4 groups of gymnosperms

A

cycads
gnetophytes
gingko
conifers

112
Q

cycads

A

characterized by having large,

(dioeciouscompound leaves
male and female plants

113
Q

cycads have pollen, seed, and ______

A

swimming sperm (swims a short distance)

114
Q

cycads is the only gymnosperm pollinated by ____ unlike all the others that are pollinated by ______

A

cycads are the only gymnosperms pollinated by insects

the rest are pollinated by wind

115
Q

dinosaur plant

A

cycad

116
Q

long evolution toxic history

A

cycad and ferns

117
Q

ginkgo

A
  • last species : gingko biloba
  • heart shaped
  • diecious
  • also have sperms
118
Q

gingko produce seeds with ____ but is not a fruit because

A

fleshy covering but stinky… because angiosperm does not have embryos

119
Q

gnetophytes

3 genera

A

welwitschia
ephedra
gnetum

120
Q

leaves of gnetophytes are

A

paired opposite leaves,

121
Q

gnetophytes have _______ and _________ as independent evolutions bc none go the other gymnosperms have it

A

vessel elements

and “double fertilization “(but no endosperm is formed)

122
Q

conifers

A

most diverse gymnosperm lineage and form the boreal forest (bulk of biomass of northern biosphere)

123
Q

the shape of pine needles protects conifers from______

A

freezing (like how roof protects house from floods)

124
Q

serotiny

A

adaptation in plants where seeds are only released whether is an environmental trigger

ex: lodgepole pine releases seed with fire

125
Q

relictual lineages

A

occur nowhere else in the world

126
Q

what are the 3 relictual lineage of california

A

gain,coast,bristlecon pine

127
Q

pacific yew

A

taxol made from the bark of pacific yew

128
Q

bristle cone pine

A

oldest living organisms

129
Q

characteristics of angiosperms

3

A

flowers
double fertilization
vessel elements

130
Q

3 lineages of angiosperms

A

1) basal
2) monocots(grains)
3) eudicots(fruits)

131
Q

angiosperms make up ___% of plant diversity

A

90

132
Q

stamen

A

flower’s male reproductive

Anther and Filament

133
Q

carpel

A

flower’s female reproduction

ovule, style, stigma

134
Q

how and why did a carpel and stamen evolve

A

a carpel is a folded leaf to protect sporangia

stamen is reduced leaves so the stamen. is left

135
Q

megasporocyte is inside the megasporangium thats inside ovary and goes through meiosis and produces 4____

A

megaspore

136
Q

double fertilization is when one sperm fertilizes _____ and the other fertilizes the _____

A

egg, central cell

137
Q

egg after fertilized is _____

central cell fertilized is_____

A

egg= zygote(embryo) (2n)

central cell endosperm (3n)

138
Q

fruit is formed from _____

the seeds are the ____

A

ovary, ovule

139
Q

the typical angiosperm megagametophyte consists of ____ cells

A

7

140
Q

why is there more pollen than eggs

A

all the microspores survive but only 1/4 of the megaspore survives

141
Q

nutritive tissue is formed after fertilization in angiosperm so what compared to gymnosperms?

A

in gymnosperms it is formed before fertilization … angiosperms are more metabolically efficient

142
Q

three angiosperm lineages

A

“basal”, monocots, eudicots

143
Q

perfect vs imperfect flower

A

perfect has stamen and carpel

imperfect has stamen on one flower and carpel on another flower

144
Q

monoeicious

A

one plant that has both sexes (either on the same flower or have both male and female flowers bundled in one plant)

145
Q

dioecious

A

two plant is needed for reporduction… one has female other has male

146
Q

ovary wall =

A

fruit

147
Q

corn is a weird fruit why?

A

each kernel is a fruit

ovary wall is fused with the seed coat

148
Q

caryopsis

A

ovary wall is fused with seed coat

common in most grain

149
Q

angiosperms have both tracked and vessel elements

A

just because vessel element evolved doesn’t mean u lose tracheids

150
Q

perforation plates

A

vessel elements have weaker adhesion and cohesion

plates help by connecting the vessel elements and reduces chances of spreading disease

151
Q

moth likes to polinate

A

white , strong odor, no landing pad

152
Q

hummingbird likes to pollinate

A

red, lots of nectar, no landing pad

153
Q

bee likes to pollinate

A

nectar, landing pad

154
Q

fly likes to pollinate

A

mottled color and strong odor

155
Q

cotyledon

A

leaf seed

2 in eudicot
1 in monocot

156
Q

monocot has ____ veins

while eudicot has ____ veins

A

parallel, netted

157
Q

grasses and grains are monocot or dicot

A

monocot

158
Q

vegetables and most trees and almonds are

A

dicot

Bis 2c (7 decks)

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