Plantae Flashcards
1
Q
Which organisms are primary produces cyanobacteria, corals, and redwood tree?
A
All
corals are bc of symbiotic relationship
2
Q
primary producers are
A
carbon fixers to build more complex compounds
3
Q
endemism
A
only occurs in one place on earth ex: redwood
4
Q
key feature of the plantae lineage
A
chloroplasts resulting from primary endosymbiosis
5
Q
t/f the mitochondrion and chloroplasts arose only one time in the evolution of eukaryotes
A
T bc its synapomorphy
chloroplasts in eukaryotes are from secondary or more endosymbiosis
6
Q
____plants are descendants of ____ ancestors
A
land plants are descendants of aquatic ancestors
7
Q
challenges to life for early was NOT CO2 availability bc
A
more CO2 in land in compared to sea
8
Q
what are the advantages of being on land vs water
A
- more sunlight
2. increased CO2
9
Q
Algae refers to early diverging plant lineage all of which are ____ aquatic
A
aquatic
10
Q
Gluacophtes
A
- retain a layer of peptidoglycan = good evidence for endosymbiosis of chloroplasts
- use same pigment of cyanobacteria : chlorphyll a
11
Q
Chloroplast genomes are diploid is not evidence supporting the endosymbiotic origin of the chloroplasts because?
A
bacteria are haploid
12
Q
chloroplasts dicide by
A
binary fission
13
Q
why is red algae red
A
they use phycoerythrin which has a red tint
sushi nori is red algae
14
Q
t/f chlorophyll type a is an ancestral feature of plantae
A
T
15
Q
green plants include green algae and land plants
what to they use to store energy as starch
A
chlorophyll b
16
Q
Streptophytes
A
share a unique form of cell division
some spindle fibers are left and cell plates form around and creates holes when spindle goes away
holes = plasmodesmata
17
Q
Embryophyte synamorphies are directly tied to the transition from life in water to life in land
4 synamorphies
A
1) protected embryos
2) sporopollenin : coating around spores
3) multicellular sporophyte
4) waxy cuticle
18
Q
a shared feature in sexual reproduction of all eukaryotes
A
fusion of haploid gametes into a zygote
19
Q
embryophyte = ____ plants
A
land plants
20
Q
waxy cuticle helps with ______
A
desiccation
prevents water loss
21
Q
t/f gametes is only and always produced by meiosis
A
F meiosis and mitosis
22
Q
meiosis vs mitosis
A
meiosis has reduction in policy 2n—>n
mitosis policy stays the same n—>n
23
Q
Diplontic life cycles
A
Draw
24
Q
why is zygote not multicellular
A
it is one cell and multicellular is the result of the zygote dividing through mitosis
25
diplontic vs haplontic
if mature organism is 2n then diplontic
| is mature organism is n then haplontic
26
all land plants share _____ life cycles
alternating life cycles
27
zoospores vs. spores
spores can fly through air. and have sporpollenin that reduces water loss
28
non-vascular plants
| name the 3
```
bryophytes
paraphyletic groups
-liverworts
-Moses
-hornworts
```
29
whats the defining feature of bryophyte
pokilohydry = water content matches environment
30
bryophyte have a ______ can dry down to0% water and still survive
desiccation tolerance
31
bryophytes ____ true leaves. many sections are only ___ cell thick
bryophytes lack true leaves and many sections are only one cell thick
32
Bryophytes_____ vascular tissues : they ____ roots
lack; dont
33
rhizoids
"roots" in bryophytes
34
Mychorrizhae
bryophytes form symbiosis so that their SA expands
35
which bryophyte does not have a guard cell?
liverworts... they can't regulate water loss
36
how does stomata work
guard cell open = photosynthesis (CO2 comes in) for guard cell to open it needs water
37
bryophyte is dominant gametophyte or sporophyte?
| whats dependent to what?
gametophyte dominant.... sporophyte is neutron dependent to gametphyte
38
Archegonia
produces egg
39
antheridia
produces sperm
40
why does it have to be rainy for fertilization to happen?
sperm has to swim to the eggs then after fertilization occurs sporophyte is made
41
homosporous alternation of generation life cycle
only one size of spore is produced
42
hornworn sprophyts vs. liverworts and moss sporophyte
liverwort and moss sporophyte is only green for a few then turns brown. when brown it can't photosynthesis
hornworts' sporophyte is always green and has indeterminate growth
43
indeterminate growth
continues to grow as long as plant is alive
44
why are hornworts Bluegreen
bc they symbiont with cyanobacteria
45
sphagnum mosses
- have amazing preservative properties bc of low oxygenated high acidity
- absorption
46
why are algae bad "parents"
they kick out the zygote s o no embryo is made
47
function of sperm and egg vs. spores
sperm and egg to make spores
spores is for dispersal
48
roots vs shoots
root is underground shoot is above
49
meristems
two places
can differentiate into other cells
root and shoot
50
petiole
connects leaf to plant
51
four organs of plant body
leaves, stem, roots, flowers
52
nodes
stem division
53
auxiliary buds/meristem
when cut plant grows our
54
Dermal tissue
form epidermis and secrete waxy compounds
| where the stomata are
55
vascular tissue
xylem and phloem (transport water minerals and sugar)
56
Ground tissue
fill in the inner space of the plant and perform metabolic storage functions
57
Tracheophytes
monophyletic
| vascular plants
58
Synamorphies of vascular plants
| 3
-tracheids: conducts water
-true roots: anchor plants
independent
-independent sporophyte:: large dominant part that can do photosynthesis
59
bryophytes vs vascular plants (sporophyte)
bryophyte : gametophyte dominant
| vascular plants: sporophyte dominant
60
sporophyte dominant adv.
more spores and more offspring
big sporophyte = increased reproduction
61
Rhyniophytes (vascular plants)
- extinct lineage of plants with a dichotomously bunched sporophyte and simple sporangia
- lack roots and true leaves
62
xylem
conducts water
connected by pits
63
phloem
conducts photosynthate
64
Tracheids vs vessel elements
tracheids :first type of xylem tissue transport water (small straw)
vessel elements: evolved with seed plants (boba straw)
65
phloem
alive and composed of two parts
- sieve tube elements
- companion cell (regulates function of sieve tube) has organelles
66
water transport is _____ and sugar transport is ____
water transport is passive but sugar transport is active bc it needs ATP to put sugar into fruits and pump water out of fruit
67
sink
can't do photosynthesis and have to get pumped sugars
68
Lycophytes
vascular plants that have true roots
sporophyte dominant
microphylls
69
Coal came from_____
lycophytes forests
70
3 groups of lycophytes
quillworts, saleginella, lycopodium
71
characteristic feature of lycophytes
Microphylls : small leaf like structures that have a single vein of vascular tissue
72
sterilized sporangium analysis
sporangia contains spores and sterilized leaving just the tissue which became the microphylls
73
sporangia
clustered at bases of microphlls
74
strobilus
cluster organized sporangia (cone)
75
Which lycophyte has heterospory?
Selaginella
76
Heterospory
2 sizes of spores
77
an advantage of heterospory is that plants develop specialized _____
gametophytes
78
do u get equal amount of megaspore and microspore
no because megaspore is big more microspores are produced
79
Euphyllophytes
all vascular pants that have large vascular leaves MEGAPHYLLS
monilophtes, gymnosperms and angiosperms
80
why are microphylls not true leaves
they evolved due to sterilized sporangia
81
megaphylls evolution steps
1) overtopping : unequal branching bc one stem becomes dominant
2) planation: flattening
3) webbing: filing in flattened part
82
microphylls and megaphylls are not homologous structures because ?
they evolved from different processes
83
Euphyllophytes all share a unique ______ of ______ DNA (synapomorphy of euphyllophytes)
Euphyllophytes all share a unique inversion of chloroplast DNA
84
Monilophytes
part of euphyllophytes
- ferns
- horsetail
- whisk fern
85
monilophtes are homosporous .. whats homosporous ?
free living, nutritionally independent gametophyte
2 different entity of the same plant
86
sori
clusters of sporangia that 'fling' spores
87
horsetails have reduced lives but why are they under euphillophytes?
their ancestors must have had large leaves then were reduced overtime
88
Psilotum's similar features to rhynophytes
1) no roots
2) dichotomous branching
3) simple sporangia at tip
but psilotum is part of monilophytes bc they have inversion of chloroplast DNA
89
does lycophytes have chloroplast inversion?
no, they're not part of euphillophytes
90
seed plans have _____ and ______. All seed plants are ____
```
secondary growth (BVC)
and makes seed
```
all seed plants are heterosporous
91
pollen is the ____
microgametophye that makes the sperm
92
seeds contain___ which germinate
embryos which germinate under favorable conditions
93
3 main parts of seeds
embryo, nutritive tissue, seed coat
94
sees have incredible longetivity
they can be plants even after a long time
95
all seed plants make seeds but T/F not all seeds make fruit
T
96
3 ways of seed dispersal
water, wind, animals
97
primary growth
height
down in the roots up in the shoot
(use meristems)
98
secondary growth
```
add width (girth)
use Bifcial vascular cambium
```
99
secondary xylem
wood... xylem stops transporting water and gets dried up and crushed
100
Tree rings are formed by the differential growth of _______
secondary xylem
101
___ produce light colored and _____ dense rings
wet conditions produce light-colored and less dense rings
102
____ conditions produce dark color and ____ dense rings
dry conditions produce dark colored and more dense rings
103
two types of gymnosperm cones
megasporia : woody and female
| microsporia: leafy male
104
gymnosperms
```
"naked seed"
cycad
ginkgo
gnetophytes
conifers
```
105
why don't gymnosperms make fruits?
bc they lack ovaries
106
seed plants have pollen.. whats the advantage?
instead of sperm having to swim to the egg.. the pollen delivers the sperm to the egg
107
in seed plants spores develop into gametophytes and never leave the parent plant (t/f)
true... gametophyte doesn't leave but the pollen does
108
pollen (microgametophyte) transforms perm to the egg using a _____
pollen tube
109
____ megaspores are made but only ___ is viable
4; 1
110
nutritive tissue inside of gymnosperm is _____ because ?
haploid because it is the remains of the megagametophyte
111
4 groups of gymnosperms
cycads
gnetophytes
gingko
conifers
112
cycads
characterized by having large,
(dioeciouscompound leaves
male and female plants
113
cycads have pollen, seed, and ______
swimming sperm (swims a short distance)
114
cycads is the only gymnosperm pollinated by ____ unlike all the others that are pollinated by ______
cycads are the only gymnosperms pollinated by insects
the rest are pollinated by wind
115
dinosaur plant
cycad
116
long evolution toxic history
cycad and ferns
117
ginkgo
- last species : gingko biloba
- heart shaped
- diecious
- also have sperms
118
gingko produce seeds with ____ but is not a fruit because
fleshy covering but stinky... because angiosperm does not have embryos
119
gnetophytes
| 3 genera
welwitschia
ephedra
gnetum
120
leaves of gnetophytes are
paired opposite leaves,
121
gnetophytes have _______ and _________ as independent evolutions bc none go the other gymnosperms have it
vessel elements
| and "double fertilization "(but no endosperm is formed)
122
conifers
most diverse gymnosperm lineage and form the boreal forest (bulk of biomass of northern biosphere)
123
the shape of pine needles protects conifers from______
freezing (like how roof protects house from floods)
124
serotiny
adaptation in plants where seeds are only released whether is an environmental trigger
ex: lodgepole pine releases seed with fire
125
relictual lineages
occur nowhere else in the world
126
what are the 3 relictual lineage of california
gain,coast,bristlecon pine
127
pacific yew
taxol made from the bark of pacific yew
128
bristle cone pine
oldest living organisms
129
characteristics of angiosperms
| 3
flowers
double fertilization
vessel elements
130
3 lineages of angiosperms
1) basal
2) monocots(grains)
3) eudicots(fruits)
131
angiosperms make up ___% of plant diversity
90
132
stamen
flower's male reproductive
| Anther and Filament
133
carpel
flower's female reproduction
| ovule, style, stigma
134
how and why did a carpel and stamen evolve
a carpel is a folded leaf to protect sporangia
stamen is reduced leaves so the stamen. is left
135
megasporocyte is inside the megasporangium thats inside ovary and goes through meiosis and produces 4____
megaspore
136
double fertilization is when one sperm fertilizes _____ and the other fertilizes the _____
egg, central cell
137
egg after fertilized is _____
| central cell fertilized is_____
egg= zygote(embryo) (2n)
| central cell endosperm (3n)
138
fruit is formed from _____
| the seeds are the ____
ovary, ovule
139
the typical angiosperm megagametophyte consists of ____ cells
7
140
why is there more pollen than eggs
all the microspores survive but only 1/4 of the megaspore survives
141
nutritive tissue is formed after fertilization in angiosperm so what compared to gymnosperms?
in gymnosperms it is formed before fertilization ... angiosperms are more metabolically efficient
142
three angiosperm lineages
"basal", monocots, eudicots
143
perfect vs imperfect flower
perfect has stamen and carpel
imperfect has stamen on one flower and carpel on another flower
144
monoeicious
one plant that has both sexes (either on the same flower or have both male and female flowers bundled in one plant)
145
dioecious
two plant is needed for reporduction... one has female other has male
146
ovary wall =
fruit
147
corn is a weird fruit why?
each kernel is a fruit
| ovary wall is fused with the seed coat
148
caryopsis
ovary wall is fused with seed coat
common in most grain
149
angiosperms have both tracked and vessel elements
just because vessel element evolved doesn't mean u lose tracheids
150
perforation plates
vessel elements have weaker adhesion and cohesion
plates help by connecting the vessel elements and reduces chances of spreading disease
151
moth likes to polinate
white , strong odor, no landing pad
152
hummingbird likes to pollinate
red, lots of nectar, no landing pad
153
bee likes to pollinate
nectar, landing pad
154
fly likes to pollinate
mottled color and strong odor
155
cotyledon
leaf seed
2 in eudicot
1 in monocot
156
monocot has ____ veins
| while eudicot has ____ veins
parallel, netted
157
grasses and grains are monocot or dicot
monocot
158
vegetables and most trees and almonds are
dicot
