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Bis 2c > microbial eukaryotes > Flashcards

microbial eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Archaean

A

3.8 bya origin of life

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2
Q

Hadean

A

4.5bya no life present no Oxygen

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3
Q

photosynthesis was a bacteria/archaea invention

A

bacteria

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4
Q

photosynthesis occurs when ____?

A 
atmospheric carbon (CO2) is fixed 
fixed = storing carbon as carbohydrate usually glucose
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5
Q

_____from water is usually the electron donor and will be ______

A

Oxygen from water is usually the electron donor and will be oxidized

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6
Q

when water is used as an electron donor then we release _____ in the atmosphere ; called ____photosynthesis

A

Oxygen ; oxygenic photosynthesis

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7
Q

Which bacteria does oxygenic photosynthesis

A

cyanobacteria

proteobacteria uses oxygen as well

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8
Q

when was cyanobacteria present

A

2.5bya (released lots of oxygen)

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9
Q

what kinds of bacteria would be evolutionary favored as cyanobacteria became more abundant?

A

facultative anaerobes and aerobic bacteria

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10
Q

What do cells do to get energy back

A

Glycolysis and cellular respiration use oxygen makes CO2 and H2O

Glycolysis and fermentation
do not use alcohol makes lactate and alcohol

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11
Q

Why is cellular respiration better than fermentation?

A

CR makes more amp (32 vs 2)

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12
Q

oxygen is the _____ electron acceptor in cellular respiration

A

terminal

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13
Q

Syntrophy

A

occurs when one organisms by-product is a food source for another organism

(mutualistic relationship)

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14
Q

if we thought that a eukaryotic cell were the result of such symbiosis, which eukaryotic structure would have had a bacterial ancestor?

A

mitochondria bc cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria

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15
Q

genes of mitochondria are closely related to _____

A

alpha protobacteria

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16
Q

mitochondria are haploid/diploid

A

haploid (suggests its from bacteria)

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17
Q

mitochondria is from egg or sperm?

A

egg

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18
Q

what if there were eukaryotic cells without mitochondria

A

really old and evolved without mitochondria

or

lost it (mutation)

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19
Q

Mitochondria’s function

A

Cellular respiration (ATP)

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20
Q

What produces energy if there are no mitochondria

A

Hydrogenosomes where pyruvate is used as an electron acceptor and hydrogen is released

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21
Q

Hydrogenosomes are excellent drug targets because?

A

their metabolic pathway is distinct from those found in mitochondria (body eukaryotic cells)

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22
Q

loki

A

Mischief and chaos

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23
Q

Idea: bacteria and Archaea symbiont formed first eukaryotic cell for ribosome sensitivity suggests?

A

Ribosome sensitivity of eukaryotes is more related to sensitivity of archaea = suggests that eukarya evolved form archaea no bacteria

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24
Q

Idea: bacteria and Archaea symbiont formed first eukaryotic cell for plasma membrane suggests?

A

Plasma membrane lipids suggests that Eukarya evolved from bacteria because they are bother ester linked unliked archaea which is ether linked

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25
Q

Endocytosis

A

dimple a membrane around it and wraps membrane around it. Like phagocytosis

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26
Q

Why is there a membrane around something thats been engulfed?

A

The host cells wraps its membrane around whatever it engulfs

27
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicle fuses with the cell membrane (vesicle has whatever you want to take out around a cell membrane)

28
Q

Digestive enzymes can’t move freely in cytoplasm. If food to be digested inside the cell membrane how will they be digested?

A

Fuse lysosome that has things that can digest it to the membrane

29
Q

Mitochondria does ___ fusion

A

binary

Clonal reproduction

30
Q

Synechocytis supports claim that chloroplast is from cyanobacteria because?

A

it is possible for its membrane to indent and make layer like chloroplasts’ thylakoid

31
Q

Chloroplasts has a bit of peptidoglycan in glaucophytes suggests?

A

Chloroplasts came from bacteria not eukaryotes

32
Q

Eukaryotic cystoskeleton : starting conditions?

A

Bacteria and archaea possess filamentous actin homologues :

also present in eukaryotes

33
Q

Actin filaments

A

Give cell structure and strength (cytoskeleton

34
Q

Actin tread milling

A

Adds pieces to the beginning to push a cell forward like a treadmill.. Myosin contracts pulling the back of the cell

35
Q

Three main types of locomotion

A

Ciliate
Amoeboid : flexible due to cytoskeleton
Flagellate

36
Q

Shelled amoebe

A

Amoebae with shell around it

37
Q

Rhizaria

A

unicellular, aquatic and has Long thin pseudopodia to feed

38
Q

Alveolate

A

morphological defining :sacs under cell membrane

  • ciliates-has lots of short flagella all around the cells and beats in waves
  • dinoflagellates
  • apicomplexans
39
Q

dinoflagellates are?

A

marine and important primary producers

40
Q

What does it mean to be a primary producer?

A

To acquire energy from sunlight and materials form nonliving sources
basis of all food chains on earth

41
Q

Corals are _____ therefore they form symbiont relation ship with _____

A

non-photosynthetic dinoflagalettes

42
Q

why are corals depth limited?

A

they need to stay close to the surface so they can get light for the dinoflagalettes

43
Q

Red tide caused by dinoflagellates

A

Dinoflagellates create saxitoxin. Muscles and clams filter out the water by consuming dinoflagalettes.

44
Q

If you were collecting clams or mussels on the sea shore and see a sign “closed due to red tide” what is the problem?

A

The clams were feeding on a certain flagellate.

Clams are not PARASITIZED by flagaleetes bc it is not harmed

45
Q

Corals rely to dinoflagellates to provide _____ to their tissue

A

Sugar = glucose = carbon

46
Q

Apicomplexans (toxoplasma)

A

They have a mass of organelles at one tip that help the parasite enter the hosts cells

puncture host cells to get inside

47
Q

Life cycle of malaria happens in mosquito and host

A

Migrates tolover and does aesexual reproduction and feeds on hemoglobin by bursting blood cells

Mosquito that takes in blood from host that is infected and will sexually reproduce in mosquito (made two gamete types in humans but don’t sexually reproduce inside humans only in mosquitos)

48
Q

symptoms of malaria

A

cycles of fever and chills

correlate to the time blood cells burst open

49
Q

why is hard to eradicate malaria ?

A

bc it changes phases

malaria is eukaryotic so its hard to find target bc we have eukaryotic cells too

50
Q

How to target malaria?

A

Malaria has apicoplast as a result of tertiary endosymbiosis and targeting this won’t harm humans bc humans don’t have it

51
Q

Vector born

A

transferred from a vector to a host

malaria vector = mosquito

52
Q

Syntrophy

A

ex: ophryosclex helps cows digest cellulose in cows

One organisms feeds off of the products of another species

53
Q

Brown Algae

A

Photosynthetic that are not plants
multicellular eukaryote
-does not have homologues structures to plants bc they are in a different lineage

54
Q

labrinthulids

A

slime nets that turn grass brown bc of slime

55
Q

oomycetes

A

non-photosynthetic
abortive heterotrophs
not related to fungi

56
Q

Heterolobosean

A

Brain eating amoeba (from warm waters)

57
Q

Giardia muris

A

water supply infected from poop of animals causes diarrhea

58
Q

Trypanasomes

A

chagas disease = tissue damaging

leishmania = tissue damaging and eats brain cells (causes sleeping sickness)

59
Q

colonial and multicellular vs muticellualrity

A 
colonial and multicellular
-multiple cells
-cells communicate
-every cell can reproduce
muticellualrity 
-cells specialize
-only some reproduce sexually
60
Q

multinucleate

A

one cell membrane but nucleus goes through division

one cell with multiple nucleus

61
Q

Plasmodial slime molds

A
  • multinucleate
  • absorb food
  • when food is gone it produces spores to make more cells
62
Q

Cellular slime olds

A
  • myxamoebas : haploids
  • myxmoebas may divide by binary fission
  • aggregate to from slugs and make spores when food is gone
63
Q

myx means

A

slime

64
Q

extracellular matrix

A

requires oxygen to form

underlying layer that strengthens cells

what they cytoskeleton attaches to

Bis 2c (7 decks)

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