microbial eukaryotes Flashcards
Archaean
3.8 bya origin of life
Hadean
4.5bya no life present no Oxygen
photosynthesis was a bacteria/archaea invention
bacteria
photosynthesis occurs when ____?
atmospheric carbon (CO2) is fixed fixed = storing carbon as carbohydrate usually glucose
_____from water is usually the electron donor and will be ______
Oxygen from water is usually the electron donor and will be oxidized
when water is used as an electron donor then we release _____ in the atmosphere ; called ____photosynthesis
Oxygen ; oxygenic photosynthesis
Which bacteria does oxygenic photosynthesis
cyanobacteria
proteobacteria uses oxygen as well
when was cyanobacteria present
2.5bya (released lots of oxygen)
what kinds of bacteria would be evolutionary favored as cyanobacteria became more abundant?
facultative anaerobes and aerobic bacteria
What do cells do to get energy back
Glycolysis and cellular respiration use oxygen makes CO2 and H2O
Glycolysis and fermentation
do not use alcohol makes lactate and alcohol
Why is cellular respiration better than fermentation?
CR makes more amp (32 vs 2)
oxygen is the _____ electron acceptor in cellular respiration
terminal
Syntrophy
occurs when one organisms by-product is a food source for another organism
(mutualistic relationship)
if we thought that a eukaryotic cell were the result of such symbiosis, which eukaryotic structure would have had a bacterial ancestor?
mitochondria bc cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria
genes of mitochondria are closely related to _____
alpha protobacteria
mitochondria are haploid/diploid
haploid (suggests its from bacteria)
mitochondria is from egg or sperm?
egg
what if there were eukaryotic cells without mitochondria
really old and evolved without mitochondria
or
lost it (mutation)
Mitochondria’s function
Cellular respiration (ATP)
What produces energy if there are no mitochondria
Hydrogenosomes where pyruvate is used as an electron acceptor and hydrogen is released
Hydrogenosomes are excellent drug targets because?
their metabolic pathway is distinct from those found in mitochondria (body eukaryotic cells)
loki
Mischief and chaos
Idea: bacteria and Archaea symbiont formed first eukaryotic cell for ribosome sensitivity suggests?
Ribosome sensitivity of eukaryotes is more related to sensitivity of archaea = suggests that eukarya evolved form archaea no bacteria
Idea: bacteria and Archaea symbiont formed first eukaryotic cell for plasma membrane suggests?
Plasma membrane lipids suggests that Eukarya evolved from bacteria because they are bother ester linked unliked archaea which is ether linked
Endocytosis
dimple a membrane around it and wraps membrane around it. Like phagocytosis
Why is there a membrane around something thats been engulfed?
The host cells wraps its membrane around whatever it engulfs
Exocytosis
Vesicle fuses with the cell membrane (vesicle has whatever you want to take out around a cell membrane)
Digestive enzymes can’t move freely in cytoplasm. If food to be digested inside the cell membrane how will they be digested?
Fuse lysosome that has things that can digest it to the membrane
Mitochondria does ___ fusion
binary
Clonal reproduction
Synechocytis supports claim that chloroplast is from cyanobacteria because?
it is possible for its membrane to indent and make layer like chloroplasts’ thylakoid
Chloroplasts has a bit of peptidoglycan in glaucophytes suggests?
Chloroplasts came from bacteria not eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cystoskeleton : starting conditions?
Bacteria and archaea possess filamentous actin homologues :
also present in eukaryotes
Actin filaments
Give cell structure and strength (cytoskeleton
Actin tread milling
Adds pieces to the beginning to push a cell forward like a treadmill.. Myosin contracts pulling the back of the cell
Three main types of locomotion
Ciliate
Amoeboid : flexible due to cytoskeleton
Flagellate
Shelled amoebe
Amoebae with shell around it
Rhizaria
unicellular, aquatic and has Long thin pseudopodia to feed
Alveolate
morphological defining :sacs under cell membrane
- ciliates-has lots of short flagella all around the cells and beats in waves
- dinoflagellates
- apicomplexans
dinoflagellates are?
marine and important primary producers
What does it mean to be a primary producer?
To acquire energy from sunlight and materials form nonliving sources
basis of all food chains on earth
Corals are _____ therefore they form symbiont relation ship with _____
non-photosynthetic dinoflagalettes
why are corals depth limited?
they need to stay close to the surface so they can get light for the dinoflagalettes
Red tide caused by dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates create saxitoxin. Muscles and clams filter out the water by consuming dinoflagalettes.
If you were collecting clams or mussels on the sea shore and see a sign “closed due to red tide” what is the problem?
The clams were feeding on a certain flagellate.
Clams are not PARASITIZED by flagaleetes bc it is not harmed
Corals rely to dinoflagellates to provide _____ to their tissue
Sugar = glucose = carbon
Apicomplexans (toxoplasma)
They have a mass of organelles at one tip that help the parasite enter the hosts cells
puncture host cells to get inside
Life cycle of malaria happens in mosquito and host
Migrates tolover and does aesexual reproduction and feeds on hemoglobin by bursting blood cells
Mosquito that takes in blood from host that is infected and will sexually reproduce in mosquito (made two gamete types in humans but don’t sexually reproduce inside humans only in mosquitos)
symptoms of malaria
cycles of fever and chills
correlate to the time blood cells burst open
why is hard to eradicate malaria ?
bc it changes phases
malaria is eukaryotic so its hard to find target bc we have eukaryotic cells too
How to target malaria?
Malaria has apicoplast as a result of tertiary endosymbiosis and targeting this won’t harm humans bc humans don’t have it
Vector born
transferred from a vector to a host
malaria vector = mosquito
Syntrophy
ex: ophryosclex helps cows digest cellulose in cows
One organisms feeds off of the products of another species
Brown Algae
Photosynthetic that are not plants
multicellular eukaryote
-does not have homologues structures to plants bc they are in a different lineage
labrinthulids
slime nets that turn grass brown bc of slime
oomycetes
non-photosynthetic
abortive heterotrophs
not related to fungi
Heterolobosean
Brain eating amoeba (from warm waters)
Giardia muris
water supply infected from poop of animals causes diarrhea
Trypanasomes
chagas disease = tissue damaging
leishmania = tissue damaging and eats brain cells (causes sleeping sickness)
colonial and multicellular vs muticellualrity
colonial and multicellular -multiple cells -cells communicate -every cell can reproduce muticellualrity -cells specialize -only some reproduce sexually
multinucleate
one cell membrane but nucleus goes through division
one cell with multiple nucleus
Plasmodial slime molds
- multinucleate
- absorb food
- when food is gone it produces spores to make more cells
Cellular slime olds
- myxamoebas : haploids
- myxmoebas may divide by binary fission
- aggregate to from slugs and make spores when food is gone
myx means
slime
extracellular matrix
requires oxygen to form
underlying layer that strengthens cells
what they cytoskeleton attaches to
