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Bis 2c > microbial eukaryotes > Flashcards

microbial eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Archaean

A

3.8 bya origin of life

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2
Q

Hadean

A

4.5bya no life present no Oxygen

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3
Q

photosynthesis was a bacteria/archaea invention

A

bacteria

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4
Q

photosynthesis occurs when ____?

A 
atmospheric carbon (CO2) is fixed 
fixed = storing carbon as carbohydrate usually glucose
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5
Q

_____from water is usually the electron donor and will be ______

A

Oxygen from water is usually the electron donor and will be oxidized

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6
Q

when water is used as an electron donor then we release _____ in the atmosphere ; called ____photosynthesis

A

Oxygen ; oxygenic photosynthesis

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7
Q

Which bacteria does oxygenic photosynthesis

A

cyanobacteria

proteobacteria uses oxygen as well

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8
Q

when was cyanobacteria present

A

2.5bya (released lots of oxygen)

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9
Q

what kinds of bacteria would be evolutionary favored as cyanobacteria became more abundant?

A

facultative anaerobes and aerobic bacteria

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10
Q

What do cells do to get energy back

A

Glycolysis and cellular respiration use oxygen makes CO2 and H2O

Glycolysis and fermentation
do not use alcohol makes lactate and alcohol

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11
Q

Why is cellular respiration better than fermentation?

A

CR makes more amp (32 vs 2)

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12
Q

oxygen is the _____ electron acceptor in cellular respiration

A

terminal

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13
Q

Syntrophy

A

occurs when one organisms by-product is a food source for another organism

(mutualistic relationship)

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14
Q

if we thought that a eukaryotic cell were the result of such symbiosis, which eukaryotic structure would have had a bacterial ancestor?

A

mitochondria bc cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria

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15
Q

genes of mitochondria are closely related to _____

A

alpha protobacteria

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16
Q

mitochondria are haploid/diploid

A

haploid (suggests its from bacteria)

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17
Q

mitochondria is from egg or sperm?

A

egg

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18
Q

what if there were eukaryotic cells without mitochondria

A

really old and evolved without mitochondria

or

lost it (mutation)

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19
Q

Mitochondria’s function

A

Cellular respiration (ATP)

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20
Q

What produces energy if there are no mitochondria

A

Hydrogenosomes where pyruvate is used as an electron acceptor and hydrogen is released

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21
Q

Hydrogenosomes are excellent drug targets because?

A

their metabolic pathway is distinct from those found in mitochondria (body eukaryotic cells)

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22
Q

loki

A

Mischief and chaos

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23
Q

Idea: bacteria and Archaea symbiont formed first eukaryotic cell for ribosome sensitivity suggests?

A

Ribosome sensitivity of eukaryotes is more related to sensitivity of archaea = suggests that eukarya evolved form archaea no bacteria

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24
Q

Idea: bacteria and Archaea symbiont formed first eukaryotic cell for plasma membrane suggests?

A

Plasma membrane lipids suggests that Eukarya evolved from bacteria because they are bother ester linked unliked archaea which is ether linked

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25
Endocytosis
dimple a membrane around it and wraps membrane around it. Like phagocytosis
26
Why is there a membrane around something thats been engulfed?
The host cells wraps its membrane around whatever it engulfs
27
Exocytosis
Vesicle fuses with the cell membrane (vesicle has whatever you want to take out around a cell membrane)
28
Digestive enzymes can't move freely in cytoplasm. If food to be digested inside the cell membrane how will they be digested?
Fuse lysosome that has things that can digest it to the membrane
29
Mitochondria does ___ fusion
binary | Clonal reproduction
30
Synechocytis supports claim that chloroplast is from cyanobacteria because?
it is possible for its membrane to indent and make layer like chloroplasts' thylakoid
31
Chloroplasts has a bit of peptidoglycan in glaucophytes suggests?
Chloroplasts came from bacteria not eukaryotes
32
Eukaryotic cystoskeleton : starting conditions?
Bacteria and archaea possess filamentous actin homologues : also present in eukaryotes
33
Actin filaments
Give cell structure and strength (cytoskeleton
34
Actin tread milling
Adds pieces to the beginning to push a cell forward like a treadmill.. Myosin contracts pulling the back of the cell
35
Three main types of locomotion
Ciliate Amoeboid : flexible due to cytoskeleton Flagellate
36
Shelled amoebe
Amoebae with shell around it
37
Rhizaria
unicellular, aquatic and has Long thin pseudopodia to feed
38
Alveolate
morphological defining :sacs under cell membrane - ciliates-has lots of short flagella all around the cells and beats in waves - dinoflagellates - apicomplexans
39
dinoflagellates are?
marine and important primary producers
40
What does it mean to be a primary producer?
To acquire energy from sunlight and materials form nonliving sources basis of all food chains on earth
41
Corals are _____ therefore they form symbiont relation ship with _____
non-photosynthetic dinoflagalettes
42
why are corals depth limited?
they need to stay close to the surface so they can get light for the dinoflagalettes
43
Red tide caused by dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates create saxitoxin. Muscles and clams filter out the water by consuming dinoflagalettes.
44
If you were collecting clams or mussels on the sea shore and see a sign "closed due to red tide" what is the problem?
The clams were feeding on a certain flagellate. Clams are not PARASITIZED by flagaleetes bc it is not harmed
45
Corals rely to dinoflagellates to provide _____ to their tissue
Sugar = glucose = carbon
46
Apicomplexans (toxoplasma)
They have a mass of organelles at one tip that help the parasite enter the hosts cells puncture host cells to get inside
47
Life cycle of malaria happens in mosquito and host
Migrates tolover and does aesexual reproduction and feeds on hemoglobin by bursting blood cells Mosquito that takes in blood from host that is infected and will sexually reproduce in mosquito (made two gamete types in humans but don't sexually reproduce inside humans only in mosquitos)
48
symptoms of malaria
cycles of fever and chills | correlate to the time blood cells burst open
49
why is hard to eradicate malaria ?
bc it changes phases | malaria is eukaryotic so its hard to find target bc we have eukaryotic cells too
50
How to target malaria?
Malaria has apicoplast as a result of tertiary endosymbiosis and targeting this won't harm humans bc humans don't have it
51
Vector born
transferred from a vector to a host | malaria vector = mosquito
52
Syntrophy
ex: ophryosclex helps cows digest cellulose in cows One organisms feeds off of the products of another species
53
Brown Algae
Photosynthetic that are not plants multicellular eukaryote -does not have homologues structures to plants bc they are in a different lineage
54
labrinthulids
slime nets that turn grass brown bc of slime
55
oomycetes
non-photosynthetic abortive heterotrophs not related to fungi
56
Heterolobosean
Brain eating amoeba (from warm waters)
57
Giardia muris
water supply infected from poop of animals causes diarrhea
58
Trypanasomes
chagas disease = tissue damaging leishmania = tissue damaging and eats brain cells (causes sleeping sickness)
59
colonial and multicellular vs muticellualrity
``` colonial and multicellular -multiple cells -cells communicate -every cell can reproduce muticellualrity -cells specialize -only some reproduce sexually ```
60
multinucleate
one cell membrane but nucleus goes through division one cell with multiple nucleus
61
Plasmodial slime molds
- multinucleate - absorb food - when food is gone it produces spores to make more cells
62
Cellular slime olds
- myxamoebas : haploids - myxmoebas may divide by binary fission - aggregate to from slugs and make spores when food is gone
63
myx means
slime
64
extracellular matrix
requires oxygen to form underlying layer that strengthens cells what they cytoskeleton attaches to

Bis 2c (7 decks)

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