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Bis 2c > lab practical > Flashcards

lab practical Flashcards

1
Q

what do nodes represent?

A

MRCA and speciation

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2
Q

sister taxa arise at the

A

same time

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3
Q

cladogram vs. phylogram vs. chronogram

A 
cladogram = only show pattern of splitting 
phylograms = shows proportion of genetic change
chronogram= shows specific time
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4
Q

characters (definition and the 3 most common types)

A

heritable traits or feature of organisms

morphology, behavior, genetics

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5
Q

ancestral vs derived

A 
ancestral = from MRCA
derived = character not presenting MRCA
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6
Q

homology vs homoplasy

A 
homology = same due to shared ancestry
homoplasy = same due to convergent evolution
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7
Q

parsimony

A

minimize number of character changes

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8
Q

the ___ serves a key role in rooting the tree

A

outgroup

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9
Q

soft vs hard polytomy

A 
soft = can be fixed with more data
hard = can't be resolved
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10
Q

parsimony uninformative vs. invariant

A

parsimony uninformative = gives same number of steps regardless of tree

invariant = same character

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11
Q

three domains

A

bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

archaea and eukaryotes are sis

archea and eukarya are more related to each other than bacteria ad archaea even though both are prokaryotes

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12
Q

two system

A

some archaea is sister to eukaryotes

2 branches of archaea

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13
Q

three body morphology of bacteria and archea

A

cocus = sphere
bacillus = rod shaped
helical or spiral

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14
Q

flagella is or isn’t a homolgy

A

is not a homolgy

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15
Q

extremophile vs mesophile

A 
extremophile = live in non normal 
mesophile = normal conditions
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16
Q

polyextromeophile

A

can survive more than one extreme condition

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17
Q

Acidophile

A

pH less than 2

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18
Q

Alkaliphile

A

pH above 8

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19
Q

psychrophile

A

temp under 15

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20
Q

thermophile

A

temp above 40

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21
Q

halophile

A

salty conditions

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22
Q

xerophile

A

extremely dry

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23
Q

housekeeping genes

A

genes required for essential cell function

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24
Q

vertical transmission

A

passing of genes from parent to descendants

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25
Q

how do bacteria and archaea mix genesis they don’t sexually reproduce?

A

lateral gene transfer

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26
Q

3 difference between LGT and sexual recombination

A 
LGT unidirectional (can go back and forth) 
lgt exchange small portions of genome
lgt can occur vast evolutionary distances
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27
Q

3 different ways of LGT

A

Tranfromation : picked up from dead organism cell
Conjugation : transfer from one cell to another of small piece of DNA with sex pilus
transduction :through viral particles

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28
Q

the great plate count anomaly

A

replicating the environmental conditions, nutrients is hard

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29
Q

culture independent DNA studies

A

extract DNA orRNA directly from environment

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30
Q

phototrophs acquire energy from

A

light

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31
Q

chemotrophs acquire their electron from

A

chemical

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32
Q

organogrophs acquire their electron

A

organic compound (glucose methane)

33
Q

lithographs acquire their electron from

A

inorganic (CO2)

34
Q

autotrophs get their carbon from

A

CO2

35
Q

heterotrophs get their carbon from

A

organic compound

36
Q

what does the digestion of the wood (cellulose) in termites

A

bacteria inside eukaryotes inside the gut

archaea glows

37
Q

explain the coupled reaction between cyanobacteria and ,non sulfur bacteria

A

cyanobacteria is a autotroph and produce glucose and oxygen that non sulfur bacteria use as a carbon source

38
Q

where do we expect to find primary producers in a winogradsky column

A

on top

39
Q

where do we expect to find obligate anaerobes in winogradsky column?

A

bottom

40
Q

body form of microbial eukaryote

associated with forms of locomotion

A

ciliate : have many short cilia for rapid movement and feeding
amoeboid : irregular shape that moves by cytoplasm streaming
flagalette : has flagella for fast movement

41
Q

primary endosymbiosis

A

transferred among various lineages but only arose once (chloroplasts)

42
Q

schizogony

A

multiple fission to daughter cells

happens inside of liver of human

43
Q

phloem vs xylem

A

phloem : conducts products of photosynthesis from leaves

xylem : conducts water and minerals from the soil

44
Q

wide vs thin rings on tree

A 
wide = winter and rainy
thin= summer and dry

dependant on how much water

45
Q

microphylls vs megaphylls

A

microphyl is like a flattened leaf

megaphyll go through

1) dichotomous branching
2) overtopping
3) webbing

46
Q

indeterminate vs. determinate

A 
indeterminate = stem
determinate = leves
47
Q

monocot

A 
one cotyledon 
scattered vascular bundles
parallel leaf veination
flower parts in multiple of three
mono sperm
48
Q

eudicot

A 
two cotyledons
ordered vascular bundles
netted leaf venation
flower parts in 3 or 4
tricuplate
49
Q

sporangium

A

where spores are produced then released

50
Q

sporophyll

A

a leaf that has sporangia

underneath it has sori

51
Q

strobilus

A

stacking of sporophylls into clusters
strobili (cones)
flowers can also be a strobilus

52
Q

heterospory in selaginella

A

strobili at tips of branches

both cones have micro and megasporangia

53
Q

ovule is the

A

megasporangium

54
Q

Three steps of fertilization (gymnosperm)

A

pollen lands on ovulate cone
pollen grows pollen tube
pollen delivers sperm directly within archegonium

55
Q

whorls

A

non reproductive parts of a flower

56
Q

simple fruit

A

one flower one ovary ex: mango/tomato

57
Q

aggregate fruit

A

one flower multiple independent ovaries

ex: raspberry

58
Q

ovule determines the ____ in the fruti

A

number of seeds

59
Q

petiole

A

stalk that connects stem to blade

60
Q

ascus vs basidio

A

ascus: inside of spine with 8 spores
basidia: outside of spine with 4 spores

61
Q

multiple fruit

A

many flowers with many ovaries ex:pineapple

62
Q

epiphytes

A

grow on other plants but are not parasites

-grey stage =no photosynthesis

63
Q

what does the red pigment do in leaves?

A

acts like a mirror for more photosynthesis

64
Q

mycobiont

A

fungal component in mutualism

65
Q

radial symmetry

A

cylinder

66
Q

pentaradial

A

five part symmetry

67
Q

bilaterally symmetrical

A

one plane of symmetry

68
Q

suspension feeder

A

collects suspended aquatic particles around them

ex: plankton

69
Q

filter feeder

A

food separated from water by passage through certain structure
ex: shrimp

70
Q

deposit feeder

A

extract food from sediments by selectively removing digestible particles from soil or water
ex: crab

71
Q

function feeding

A

food brought into mouth with water
water is separated before digestion
ex; fish

72
Q

intracellular digestion vs extracellular digestion

A

intracellular: food items are small, can be taken into individual cells and digested

extracellular : requires to break down large food particles in a cavity

73
Q

mosaic vs regulative cleavage

A

mosaic : fate of cells determined early

regulative : fate of cells controlled and determined later

74
Q

Cnidaria

A

jellyfish

predators

75
Q

annelida

A

earthworms

segmented worms

76
Q

mollusca

A

snails, clams, squid

shelly

77
Q

anthropoda

A

insects, lobsters, shrimp

exoskeleton, pair of appendages

78
Q

echinodermata

A

sea stars, sea urchins

hard spiny skin

79
Q

chordata

A

dogs, frogs, fish, birds

spinal cord

Bis 2c (7 decks)

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