lab practical Flashcards
what do nodes represent?
MRCA and speciation
sister taxa arise at the
same time
cladogram vs. phylogram vs. chronogram
cladogram = only show pattern of splitting phylograms = shows proportion of genetic change chronogram= shows specific time
characters (definition and the 3 most common types)
heritable traits or feature of organisms
morphology, behavior, genetics
ancestral vs derived
ancestral = from MRCA derived = character not presenting MRCA
homology vs homoplasy
homology = same due to shared ancestry homoplasy = same due to convergent evolution
parsimony
minimize number of character changes
the ___ serves a key role in rooting the tree
outgroup
soft vs hard polytomy
soft = can be fixed with more data hard = can't be resolved
parsimony uninformative vs. invariant
parsimony uninformative = gives same number of steps regardless of tree
invariant = same character
three domains
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
archaea and eukaryotes are sis
archea and eukarya are more related to each other than bacteria ad archaea even though both are prokaryotes
two system
some archaea is sister to eukaryotes
2 branches of archaea
three body morphology of bacteria and archea
cocus = sphere
bacillus = rod shaped
helical or spiral
flagella is or isn’t a homolgy
is not a homolgy
extremophile vs mesophile
extremophile = live in non normal mesophile = normal conditions
polyextromeophile
can survive more than one extreme condition
Acidophile
pH less than 2
Alkaliphile
pH above 8
psychrophile
temp under 15
thermophile
temp above 40
halophile
salty conditions
xerophile
extremely dry
housekeeping genes
genes required for essential cell function
vertical transmission
passing of genes from parent to descendants
how do bacteria and archaea mix genesis they don’t sexually reproduce?
lateral gene transfer
3 difference between LGT and sexual recombination
LGT unidirectional (can go back and forth) lgt exchange small portions of genome lgt can occur vast evolutionary distances
3 different ways of LGT
Tranfromation : picked up from dead organism cell
Conjugation : transfer from one cell to another of small piece of DNA with sex pilus
transduction :through viral particles
the great plate count anomaly
replicating the environmental conditions, nutrients is hard
culture independent DNA studies
extract DNA orRNA directly from environment
phototrophs acquire energy from
light
chemotrophs acquire their electron from
chemical
organogrophs acquire their electron
organic compound (glucose methane)
lithographs acquire their electron from
inorganic (CO2)
autotrophs get their carbon from
CO2
heterotrophs get their carbon from
organic compound
what does the digestion of the wood (cellulose) in termites
bacteria inside eukaryotes inside the gut
archaea glows
explain the coupled reaction between cyanobacteria and ,non sulfur bacteria
cyanobacteria is a autotroph and produce glucose and oxygen that non sulfur bacteria use as a carbon source
where do we expect to find primary producers in a winogradsky column
on top
where do we expect to find obligate anaerobes in winogradsky column?
bottom
body form of microbial eukaryote
associated with forms of locomotion
ciliate : have many short cilia for rapid movement and feeding
amoeboid : irregular shape that moves by cytoplasm streaming
flagalette : has flagella for fast movement
primary endosymbiosis
transferred among various lineages but only arose once (chloroplasts)
schizogony
multiple fission to daughter cells
happens inside of liver of human
phloem vs xylem
phloem : conducts products of photosynthesis from leaves
xylem : conducts water and minerals from the soil
wide vs thin rings on tree
wide = winter and rainy thin= summer and dry
dependant on how much water
microphylls vs megaphylls
microphyl is like a flattened leaf
megaphyll go through
1) dichotomous branching
2) overtopping
3) webbing
indeterminate vs. determinate
indeterminate = stem determinate = leves
monocot
one cotyledon scattered vascular bundles parallel leaf veination flower parts in multiple of three mono sperm
eudicot
two cotyledons ordered vascular bundles netted leaf venation flower parts in 3 or 4 tricuplate
sporangium
where spores are produced then released
sporophyll
a leaf that has sporangia
underneath it has sori
strobilus
stacking of sporophylls into clusters
strobili (cones)
flowers can also be a strobilus
heterospory in selaginella
strobili at tips of branches
both cones have micro and megasporangia
ovule is the
megasporangium
Three steps of fertilization (gymnosperm)
pollen lands on ovulate cone
pollen grows pollen tube
pollen delivers sperm directly within archegonium
whorls
non reproductive parts of a flower
simple fruit
one flower one ovary ex: mango/tomato
aggregate fruit
one flower multiple independent ovaries
ex: raspberry
ovule determines the ____ in the fruti
number of seeds
petiole
stalk that connects stem to blade
ascus vs basidio
ascus: inside of spine with 8 spores
basidia: outside of spine with 4 spores
multiple fruit
many flowers with many ovaries ex:pineapple
epiphytes
grow on other plants but are not parasites
-grey stage =no photosynthesis
what does the red pigment do in leaves?
acts like a mirror for more photosynthesis
mycobiont
fungal component in mutualism
radial symmetry
cylinder
pentaradial
five part symmetry
bilaterally symmetrical
one plane of symmetry
suspension feeder
collects suspended aquatic particles around them
ex: plankton
filter feeder
food separated from water by passage through certain structure
ex: shrimp
deposit feeder
extract food from sediments by selectively removing digestible particles from soil or water
ex: crab
function feeding
food brought into mouth with water
water is separated before digestion
ex; fish
intracellular digestion vs extracellular digestion
intracellular: food items are small, can be taken into individual cells and digested
extracellular : requires to break down large food particles in a cavity
mosaic vs regulative cleavage
mosaic : fate of cells determined early
regulative : fate of cells controlled and determined later
Cnidaria
jellyfish
predators
annelida
earthworms
segmented worms
mollusca
snails, clams, squid
shelly
anthropoda
insects, lobsters, shrimp
exoskeleton, pair of appendages
echinodermata
sea stars, sea urchins
hard spiny skin
chordata
dogs, frogs, fish, birds
spinal cord
