lab practical Flashcards
1
Q
what do nodes represent?
A
MRCA and speciation
2
Q
sister taxa arise at the
A
same time
3
Q
cladogram vs. phylogram vs. chronogram
A
cladogram = only show pattern of splitting phylograms = shows proportion of genetic change chronogram= shows specific time
4
Q
characters (definition and the 3 most common types)
A
heritable traits or feature of organisms
morphology, behavior, genetics
5
Q
ancestral vs derived
A
ancestral = from MRCA derived = character not presenting MRCA
6
Q
homology vs homoplasy
A
homology = same due to shared ancestry homoplasy = same due to convergent evolution
7
Q
parsimony
A
minimize number of character changes
8
Q
the ___ serves a key role in rooting the tree
A
outgroup
9
Q
soft vs hard polytomy
A
soft = can be fixed with more data hard = can't be resolved
10
Q
parsimony uninformative vs. invariant
A
parsimony uninformative = gives same number of steps regardless of tree
invariant = same character
11
Q
three domains
A
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
archaea and eukaryotes are sis
archea and eukarya are more related to each other than bacteria ad archaea even though both are prokaryotes
12
Q
two system
A
some archaea is sister to eukaryotes
2 branches of archaea
13
Q
three body morphology of bacteria and archea
A
cocus = sphere
bacillus = rod shaped
helical or spiral
14
Q
flagella is or isn’t a homolgy
A
is not a homolgy
15
Q
extremophile vs mesophile
A
extremophile = live in non normal mesophile = normal conditions
16
Q
polyextromeophile
A
can survive more than one extreme condition
17
Q
Acidophile
A
pH less than 2
18
Q
Alkaliphile
A
pH above 8
19
Q
psychrophile
A
temp under 15
20
Q
thermophile
A
temp above 40
21
Q
halophile
A
salty conditions
22
Q
xerophile
A
extremely dry
23
Q
housekeeping genes
A
genes required for essential cell function
24
Q
vertical transmission
A
passing of genes from parent to descendants
25
how do bacteria and archaea mix genesis they don't sexually reproduce?
lateral gene transfer
26
3 difference between LGT and sexual recombination
```
LGT unidirectional (can go back and forth)
lgt exchange small portions of genome
lgt can occur vast evolutionary distances
```
27
3 different ways of LGT
Tranfromation : picked up from dead organism cell
Conjugation : transfer from one cell to another of small piece of DNA with sex pilus
transduction :through viral particles
28
the great plate count anomaly
replicating the environmental conditions, nutrients is hard
29
culture independent DNA studies
extract DNA orRNA directly from environment
30
phototrophs acquire energy from
light
31
chemotrophs acquire their electron from
chemical
32
organogrophs acquire their electron
organic compound (glucose methane)
33
lithographs acquire their electron from
inorganic (CO2)
34
autotrophs get their carbon from
CO2
35
heterotrophs get their carbon from
organic compound
36
what does the digestion of the wood (cellulose) in termites
bacteria inside eukaryotes inside the gut
archaea glows
37
explain the coupled reaction between cyanobacteria and ,non sulfur bacteria
cyanobacteria is a autotroph and produce glucose and oxygen that non sulfur bacteria use as a carbon source
38
where do we expect to find primary producers in a winogradsky column
on top
39
where do we expect to find obligate anaerobes in winogradsky column?
bottom
40
body form of microbial eukaryote
| associated with forms of locomotion
ciliate : have many short cilia for rapid movement and feeding
amoeboid : irregular shape that moves by cytoplasm streaming
flagalette : has flagella for fast movement
41
primary endosymbiosis
transferred among various lineages but only arose once (chloroplasts)
42
schizogony
multiple fission to daughter cells
| happens inside of liver of human
43
phloem vs xylem
phloem : conducts products of photosynthesis from leaves
| xylem : conducts water and minerals from the soil
44
wide vs thin rings on tree
```
wide = winter and rainy
thin= summer and dry
```
dependant on how much water
45
microphylls vs megaphylls
microphyl is like a flattened leaf
megaphyll go through
1) dichotomous branching
2) overtopping
3) webbing
46
indeterminate vs. determinate
```
indeterminate = stem
determinate = leves
```
47
monocot
```
one cotyledon
scattered vascular bundles
parallel leaf veination
flower parts in multiple of three
mono sperm
```
48
eudicot
```
two cotyledons
ordered vascular bundles
netted leaf venation
flower parts in 3 or 4
tricuplate
```
49
sporangium
where spores are produced then released
50
sporophyll
a leaf that has sporangia
| underneath it has sori
51
strobilus
stacking of sporophylls into clusters
strobili (cones)
flowers can also be a strobilus
52
heterospory in selaginella
strobili at tips of branches
| both cones have micro and megasporangia
53
ovule is the
megasporangium
54
Three steps of fertilization (gymnosperm)
pollen lands on ovulate cone
pollen grows pollen tube
pollen delivers sperm directly within archegonium
55
whorls
non reproductive parts of a flower
56
simple fruit
one flower one ovary ex: mango/tomato
57
aggregate fruit
one flower multiple independent ovaries
| ex: raspberry
58
ovule determines the ____ in the fruti
number of seeds
59
petiole
stalk that connects stem to blade
60
ascus vs basidio
ascus: inside of spine with 8 spores
basidia: outside of spine with 4 spores
61
multiple fruit
many flowers with many ovaries ex:pineapple
62
epiphytes
grow on other plants but are not parasites
| -grey stage =no photosynthesis
63
what does the red pigment do in leaves?
acts like a mirror for more photosynthesis
64
mycobiont
fungal component in mutualism
65
radial symmetry
cylinder
66
pentaradial
five part symmetry
67
bilaterally symmetrical
one plane of symmetry
68
suspension feeder
collects suspended aquatic particles around them
| ex: plankton
69
filter feeder
food separated from water by passage through certain structure
ex: shrimp
70
deposit feeder
extract food from sediments by selectively removing digestible particles from soil or water
ex: crab
71
function feeding
food brought into mouth with water
water is separated before digestion
ex; fish
72
intracellular digestion vs extracellular digestion
intracellular: food items are small, can be taken into individual cells and digested
extracellular : requires to break down large food particles in a cavity
73
mosaic vs regulative cleavage
mosaic : fate of cells determined early
| regulative : fate of cells controlled and determined later
74
Cnidaria
jellyfish
| predators
75
annelida
earthworms
| segmented worms
76
mollusca
snails, clams, squid
| shelly
77
anthropoda
insects, lobsters, shrimp
| exoskeleton, pair of appendages
78
echinodermata
sea stars, sea urchins
| hard spiny skin
79
chordata
dogs, frogs, fish, birds
| spinal cord
