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Bis 2c > microbes > Flashcards

microbes Flashcards

midterm 1

1
Q

what is the tree of life?

A
  • refers to descendant-ancestor connections across all living things
  • represents the common ancestry of all life
  • the simile of tree came from Darwin
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2
Q

What is meant by universal homology?

A
  • characters found in all living things

- all life is related therefor some features will be the same due to common ancestor

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3
Q

provide examples of universal homology

A

DNA and RNA and Lipoprotein Cell Membrane
Ribosome
Mitochondria is not UH

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4
Q

Ribosomes

A

RNA is translated into protein using ribosomes

Ribosome’s structure and function is conserved throughout life

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5
Q

DNA to RNA

A

DNA (ACTG) -> transcription -> RNA (ACUG)

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6
Q

history of three domains tree

A

carl woose examined the rRNA (ribosomes) and divided it from bacteria, archaea bacteria, and eukaryotes
-Arcahe nd eukarya are sister taxa

history:

  • Aristotle had the great chain of being, where it suggested that all organisms tries to climb the great chain of being, which ultimately leads up to God
  • Charles Darwin proposed that all organisms had a single common ancestor
  • Ernst Hackel divided organisms into 3 kingdoms: plantate, protista, animalia
  • Whittaker: 5 kingdom tree - plantae, fungi, animalia, protista, monera
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7
Q

prokaryote

A

Archaea and bacteria are prokaryotes
they lack a nucleus
pro= before
karyon = nucleus

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8
Q

two domain vs three domain tree of life

A

in three domain archaea and eukarya are sisters… in two domain eukaryotes is only sisters to SOME of archaea

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9
Q

two domain tree (Asgard)

A

sample study from Loki’s castle = Asgard group of archaea

suggests eukarya is part of archaea

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10
Q

LUCA

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

lived near deep sea hypothermal vents

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11
Q

why is microbial morphology and biology problematic for phylogeny reconstruction?

A

most microbes have the same morphology

many are capable of movemnet

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12
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

microbes run nitrogen and carbon cycling

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13
Q

virus does not = bacteria

A

virus does not = bacteria

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14
Q

extremophile

A

mostly archaea but bacteria and some eukarya are extremophiles as well.
live in extreme environments pH, temperature, and salinity wise

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15
Q

microbiome

A

“cloud of microbes”

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16
Q

aerobes vs anaerobes
facultative anaerobe
obligate anaerobes
aerotolerant anaerobes

A 
aerobes = needs oxygen
anaerobe = does not need oxygen
facultative = doesn't need oxygen but will use it when available
obligate = oxygen is toxic
aerotolerant = can't use oxygen but isn't harmed by it
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17
Q

bacteria and archaea don’t have a chloroplast but.

A

they can photosynthesize

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18
Q

eukaryote vs. prokaryote (5differences)

A

Eukaryote ———- Prokaryote

nucleus ------------ no nucleus
strand DNA-------  circular DNA
membrane bound organelles -----none
mitosis------binary fusion
haploid diploid more ----- haploid
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19
Q

what does mitosis and binary fission result in

A

aesexual processes that result in identical duplicates

-mutations can occur

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20
Q

eukaryotic cells are able to go through meiosis why can’t prokaryotes?

A

prokaryotes are haploids

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21
Q

how do bacteria and archaea make new genetic recombinants… (eukaryotes =sex)

A

lateral gene transfer

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22
Q

lateral gene transfer

A
  • exchange of DNA across lineages (regardless of genetic history)
  • vertical transmission of DNA
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23
Q

what are the three mechanisms of LGT in prokaryotes

A

1) conjugation : bacteria and archaea can directly exchange their genome by transfer of plasmid
2) Transformation : bacteria and archaea pick up chromosomes from environment (usually from dead bacteria or archaea
3) transduction : viruses can transmit DNA from host to host

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24
Q

plasmid

A

a small circular chromosome not intact with main chromosome… used in conjugation

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25
how is LGT limited
- large/complex sets of genes are less likely to be transferred - only portions of genome are transferred
26
how does LGT complicate making of phylogenies
bacteria and archaea can exchange genes even though they are not the same species -it erases phylogenetic history
27
can LGT happen in eukaryotes?
Yes ex: snake and cow
28
if LGT is common how can we reconstruct the phylogeny
1) sample many taxa 2) use multiple genes and compare their results 3) use multiple independent types of data 4) check for congruence or conflict from other trees
29
the great plate count anomaly
many more cells are present in the environment than can be grown in the lab
30
What are culture independent DNA studies ?
instead of growing pure lab cultures, go to the environment and sequence environmental sequences
31
the two types of culture independent DNA studies and the people associated with them
1) pace : DNA | 2) Hug et al : genome
32
peptidoglycan
in cell walls of bacteria gram positive = thick layer (penicillin will work) gram negative = thin layer cross linkages with peptidoglycan make stronger cell walls
33
how does penicillin work with structure of cell
penecillin will work on gram positive cells (thick layer of peptidoglycan)
34
multicellularity
bacteria congregate - division of labor - some cells give up reproduction
35
nitrogen fixation
some cyanobacteria are able to fix nitrogen and photosynthesize using folded membranes
36
biofilms
- communities of organisms that are irreversibly bound to a substrate ; they secrete extracellular polymers (slime) - a means of way of communicating between prokaryotes that enables them to function multicellularly
37
quorum sensing
expression of group behavior genes as a result of density dependent interactions - seen in biofilms Group Behavior Genes: - Virulence - Antibiotics Production - Sporulation - Conjugation
38
cyanobacteria
- photolithoautotrophic - fix nitrogen - chloroplast from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria
39
importance of microbes on human
- digestive microbes - infant microbe - psychology
40
alphaprotobacteria
gram negative bacteria that have common ancestors with mitochondria gram negative
41
peptidoglycan in bacteria vs. archaea
peptidoglycan is only present in bacteria not archaea
42
biofilm key features
Key features: 1. Extracellular polysaccharide matrix 2. Surface attachment - solid surface OR - soft tissues in living organisms 3. Structural heterogeneity AND diversity (bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, algae, etc.)
43
chloroplast and origin
endosymbiotic cyanobacteria
44
endosymbiosis
explains origin of mitochondria and chloplasts evidence : 1. mitochondrial/chloroplast size 2. mitochondrial/chloroplast structure and presence of DNA; their DNA is similar in structure, size and shape to bacterial DNA
45
halophile (extremophile)
live in salty environment
46
methanogens (extremophile)
produce methane gas as a waste product
47
thermophiles (extremophile)
live in extreme cold / hot
48
Gram Stain (q: which cell are antibiotics most likely to be effective?)
Peptidoglycan is sensitive to staining agents. Some antibiotics work by affecting the peptidoglycan layer, and thus cell wall synthesis - bacteria are characterized by the peptidoglycan layer - Gram+ bacteria: peptidoglycan layer is thick and outside of the cell wall - Gram- bacteria: peptidoglycan layer is thing and lies between the plasma membrane and the outer membrane of cell wall a: antibiotics are most likely to be effective on gram+ **Antibiotics are prescribed to someone by determining if the bacteria is gram+ or gram-
49
Lateral Gene Transfer | 3 different ways & similarities + differences w/ genetic recombination
Similarities: - both create new genetic combinations - both may involve recombination Differences (LGT): - only involves small part of genome - not reproduction - multiple mechanisms - can occur across large phylogenetic differences
50
mutualism
symbiosis where both benefit
51
organelles
An organized or specialized structure within a living cell
52
gram + vs gram -
A special polymer of amino sugars - gram+: peptidoglycan is outside of cell wall - gram-: peptidoglycan is between plasma membrane and outer membrane of cell wall only bacteria have peptidoglycan
53
phagocytosis
The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans.
54
photoautotroph
organisms that carryout photsynthesis
55
photoheterotroph
Organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source
56
stigmatella
a multicellular organism that is made of many proteobacteria (gram- bacteria)
57
symbiosis | 3 types & why eukaryotes form symbioses
Symbiosis is an association between at least two different organisms in which at least one of them benefits 1. Mutualism: both benefit 2. Commensalism: one benefits, one does not gain or lose 3. Parasitism: one benefits, one suffers Eukaryotes - metabolically limited in their capabilities relative to archaea and bacteria - less able to "acquire" metabolic processes from other species via lateral gene transfer - eukaryotes can "acquire" more capabilities by engaging in symbiosis with archaea and bacteria
58
spirochetes
- gram- bacteria - Motile - Axial filaments (modified flagella) - Many are pathogens
59
stigmatella
a multicellular organism that is made of many proteobacteria (gram- bacteria)
60
vertical transmission
transmission from parent to child

Bis 2c (7 decks)

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