plant structure and growth

Question 1

developmental plasticity

Answer 1

the ability to alter form in response to its environment

Question 2

plant organs

Answer 2

roots- rely on sugar produced by photosynthesis
stems
leaves

(shoots) reply on water and minerals absorbed by the root system

Question 3

roots

Answer 3

anchor the plant
absorbing minerals and water
storing organic nutrients

Question 4

taproot

Answer 4

one main vertical root that gives rise to lateral roots

Question 5

adventitious roots

Answer 5

arise from stems or leaves

Question 6

fibrous root

Answer 6

monocots, no main root

Question 7

root hairs

Answer 7

absorbtion of water and minerals occurs

vast number incereases surface area

Question 8

stem

Answer 8

organ consisting of:
alternating nodes- point of which leaves are attached
internodes: the stem segments between nodes

Question 9

axillary bud

Answer 9

potential to form a lateral shoot or branch

Question 10

apical bud

Answer 10

located near shoot tip and causes elongation of young shoot

Question 11

apical dominance

Answer 11

helps maintain dormancy in most nonapical buds

Question 12

rhizomes

Answer 12

horizontal shoot grows just below surface

Question 13

bulbs

Answer 13

verticle underground shoots consisting of enlarged bases of leaves that store food

Question 14

stolons

Answer 14

horizontal shoots grow along surface; allow asexual reproduction

Question 15

tubers

Answer 15

enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons, food storage

Question 16

leaf

Answer 16

main photosynthetic organ

flattened blade and stalk called petiole which joins blade to node and stem

Question 17

tissue

Answer 17

dermal-skin
vascular - fluid movement
ground- other function including photosynthesis storage an support

Question 18

vascular tissue system

Answer 18

carries out long distance transport of materials between roots and shoots
xylem( water and minerals) and phloem (organic nutrients to roots)

Question 19

water conducting cells of xylem

Answer 19

trachieds - align end to end to form long micropipes
vessel elements
dead at maturity

Question 20

sieve plates

Answer 20

porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube

each sieve tube element has a companion cell whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells

Question 21

parenchyma cells

Answer 21

thin and flexible walls
least specialized
perform metabolic functions

Question 22

collenchyma cells

Answer 22

grouped in strands and help support young part of the shoot
thicker and uneven cell walls
often mechanical support for young and growing parts

Question 23

sclerenchyma cells

Answer 23

highly specialized for mechanical rigidity
thick secondary walls
often dead at maturity- xylem cells

Question 24

meristems

Answer 24

embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth

Question 25

apical meristem

Answer 25

located at tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots

Question 26

primary growth

Answer 26

apical meristem elongates shoots and roots
root tip is covered by root cap, which protects the apical meristem

growth behind root tipL
division
elongation
maturation

Question 27

secondary growth

Answer 27

lateral meristems adds thickness to woody plants

adds girth to stems and roots in woody plants, consists of tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium

characteristic of gymnosperms and many eudicots but not monocots

Question 28

vascular cambium

Answer 28

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood_ and secondary phloem

Question 29

cork cambium

Answer 29

replaces epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher

Question 30

primary growth of roots

Answer 30

produces epidermis, ground tissue and vascular tissue

ground tissue fills cortex, the region b/w the vascular cylinder and epidermis

Question 31

stele

Answer 31

vascular system of a root or a stem

angiosperms- stele of root is organized into a vascular cylinder

Question 32

endodermis

Answer 32

innermost layer of the cortex

Question 33

pericycle

Answer 33

where lateral roots arise from, outermost layer of the vascular cyliner

Question 34

primary growth in shoots

Answer 34

shoot apical meristem is a dome shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip
leaves develop from leaf primordia along the sides of the apical meristem
axillary buds develop from from meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia

Question 35

tissue organization of stems

Answer 35

lateral shoots develop from axillary buds on the stems surface
eudicots, vascular tissue consists of vascular bundles that are arranged in a ring

monocots, scattered throughout the tissue

vascular tissue of leaf moves sugar to the rest of the plant

Question 36

tissue organization of leaves

Answer 36

epidermis: reduces water loss
stomata: allows CO2 EXCHANGE B/W AIR AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC CELLS
guard cells - at the pores
mesophyll, ground tissue of leaf

Question 37

palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll

Answer 37

palisade is the upper part