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BIOLOGY 3290 FINAL > Plant Stimulants: Amphetamines and Convulsants > Flashcards

Plant Stimulants: Amphetamines and Convulsants Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two species of Ephedra that are low perennial shrubs native to Eastern Asia?

A

Ephedra major and E.sinica.

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2
Q

Are other members of the genus occurring both in Asia and North America used medicinally?

A

No.

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3
Q

What is unique to ALL Ephedra species?

A

They all have wiry stiff trigs, and highly reduced leaves, both adaptations to grow in dry, desert like habitats.

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4
Q

What is another name for the ephedras?

A

“Joint Firs”.

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5
Q

What are the ephedras an ancient lineage to?

A

Gymnosperms of uncertain evolutionary origin and ancestry.

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6
Q

What is the ancient Chines name for the important ephedra medicinal planst?

A

Ma Huang.

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7
Q

When fo written records of Ephedra date back to in China?

A

4000 years.

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8
Q

What are stimulant ephedra tonics and teas used for in china?

A

To improve circulation, increase blood pressure, promote perspiration, and reduce fevers.

Also used as an antihistamine to treat asthma and allergies and as a natural decongestant-good cough remedy.

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9
Q

What did the ancient greeks and romans refer to ephedra as?

A

Pliny (79 CE).

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10
Q

Who described ephedra in 510 CE?

A

Dioscorides.

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11
Q

When did ephedra become noticed by two American pharmacologists?

A

1924.

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12
Q

What is the active secondary product of ephedra?

A

Ephedrine, an amphetamine like compound.

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13
Q

Who isolated ephedrine?

A

Japanese chemist, Yamanashi in 1885.

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14
Q

What is the effects of ephedrine?

A

Powerful CNS stimulant that increases blood pressure and raises the heart rate.
Also found to have anti-histaminic properties, making it useful in treating asthma, hay fever, and common colds.

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15
Q

When did high demands of ephedrine peak?`

A

1927.

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16
Q

How was ephedra used in western medicine?

A

To dilate the pupil, increase blood pressure, treat asthma and hay fever, and to counteract overdoses of depressant drugs such as alcohol, barbiturates and morphine.

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17
Q

By which time did synthetic amphetamines replace the ephedrine natural product?

A

1950s.

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18
Q

What are amphetamines?

A

Stimulants that reduce fatigue by temporarily increasing overall mental and physical activity, speech and concentration.

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19
Q

What do amphetamines mimic?

A

Neurotransmitters such as dopamine, stimulating the CNS, and serotonin.

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20
Q

What is pseudoephedrine?

A

A stereoisomer of ephedrine, a common ingredient of many over the counter preparations, including nasal-sinus decongestants and various cough-cold influenza remedies.

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21
Q

How is pseudoephedrine obtained?

A

Is contained in Ephedra but usually obtained by yeast fermentation of dextrose in the presence of enzymes and benzaldehyde.

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22
Q

What is pseudoephedrine reduced or oxidized to respectively?

A

Methamphetmaine, or methcathinone.

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23
Q

When did Ephedra become a popular herbal remedy and nutritional supplement in Western communities?

A

1990s.

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24
Q

What was it (ephedra) used to promote?

A

Weight loss by increasing body metabolism and temperature and to improve athletic performance.

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25
Q

What are the adverse effects of ephedrine?

A

Hypertension, heart palpitations, and rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), and strokes and seizures. Even psychosis.

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26
Q

Who banned ephedra the natural product due to adverse health effects and when?

A

American Food and Drug Administration in 2004.

Canadian Advisory also wanted awareness.

27
Q

What are amphetamine or benzedrine?

A

Ephedrine based semi-synthetic drugs introduced commercially in 1932.

28
Q

When was amphetamine or benzedrine widely used?

A

During WWII by German troops (after 1938) and later Allied soldiers to enhance and extend performance.

Also by Japanese troops and factory workers during WWII.

29
Q

What was advertised about benzedrine after the war?

A

“Will eliminate drowsiness and repletion of the spirit”.

30
Q

What was the result of this benzedrine advertisement?

A

The result was the first recorded stimulant abuse epidemic, in the early 1950s.

31
Q

When was the benzedrine addiction problems finally eliminated and how?

A

In 1958 through strong government action against the illegal manufacture and sale of benzedrine.

32
Q

What was benzedrine used for in western medicine?

A

A decongestant in nasal inhalers in 1950s and 60s but was banned in 60s over addictive properties.

33
Q

What IS benzedrine used for in western medicine?

A

Oral decongestants, diet pills, and bodybuilding aids.

34
Q

What is methamphetamine (MA) or “speed”?

A

A semi-synthetic amphetamine first produced in 1929 through the simple reduction of ephedrine.

35
Q

What are the characteristics of MA in comparison to ephedrine?

A

It is more potent and addictive than ephedrine, producing an immediate rush of energy, sense of power and well being.

36
Q

What are the cycle affects of MA?

A

Leads to binging and withdrawal (sometimes sleeping for days).

37
Q

What is MDMA or ecstasy?

A

A powerful derivative of methamphetamine, high dosages of which may lead to depression, memory loss, and acute insomnia.

38
Q

What results in a severe overdoes of MDMA?

A

Impaired breathing, heart attack, and kidney failure.

39
Q

What was MDMA originally advocated for in 1970s?

A

A psychotherapeutic agent, but by 1980s became a popular illicit street drug.

40
Q

What have more recent studies found in regard to MDMA?

A

Smaller, controlled doses of MDMA are useful in treating severe cases of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Investigating therapeutic uses as of 2016.

41
Q

What is ketamine?

A

An amphetamine derivative, widely used as a general anesthetic.

It is a dissociative drug, inducing a trance like state with associated sedative and analgesic effects.

42
Q

True or False.
Ketamine is a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that results in rapid increase in neurotransmitter glutamate?

A

True.

43
Q

Does ketamine increase dopamine activity in the brain?

A

Yes.

44
Q

How is ketamine used recreationally?

A

To induce a potentially dangerous dissociative state known as the “K-hole”, with accompanying visual and auditory hallucinations.

45
Q

How may ketamine actually be medicinally useful?

A

In low doses administered intravenously, it may be useful in treating severe, treatment-resistant depression and suicidal thoughts.

46
Q

What example has shown these positive ideas about ketamine as a medicinal drug?

A

In some patients, a single dose results in rapid and relatively sustained reduction in depression symptoms and suicidal thoughts. Trials currently underway for how to treat depression used ketamine.

47
Q

What is methylphenidate and what is it used for?

A

Another ephedrine like synthetic used to calm hyperactive children, popular in the US.

48
Q

What is the drug combination of methylphenidate and what was it used for?

A

Fenfluramine-phentermine, widely used in the early 1990s to promote weight loss-both drugs, F and P, are ephedrine like synthetics.

49
Q

When and why were these combinations banned?

A

In 1997, when studies showed that fen-then users developed serious heart valve problems, also due to addiction and psychoses.

50
Q

What is the convulsant strychnine?

A

A small deciduous tree with shiny elliptical leaves, native to southern Asia and Australia, and it is in the same genus as South American curare.

51
Q

What genus does strychnine and curare belong to?

A

Strychnos toxifera.

52
Q

What is the difference between strychnine and curare?

A

Strychnine is a powerful muscle convulsant while curare drugs are a potent muscle relaxant.

53
Q

What is the alkaloid that occurs in all part of the strychnine plant?

A

Strychnine.

54
Q

Where is strychnine alkaloid most potent?

A

Seeds, bark and whole fruit.

55
Q

What is dangerous about the strychnine alkaloid?

A

It is highly poisonous and can be deadly. Was used as a homicide poison in 1800s Europe and as an arrow poison in Southeast Asia.

56
Q

What are symptoms of strychnine poisoning?

A

Initial agitation followed by uncontrolled muscle spasms and convulsions.
At high doses, these convulsions result in collapse of vital organ function causing death.

57
Q

What type of poison was strychnine sold as in 1800s and early 1900s?

A

Rat poison.

58
Q

How was strychnine used medicinally?

A

Effective as nervous system stimulant at low doses. It was recommended as a cure for fever and snakebites, to stimulate the GI tract, to improve blood circulation, and in the treatment of nervous conditions.
Also used to treat overdoses of depressants.

59
Q

True or False.

Strychnine is an effective antagonist that prevents the failure of vital organ function

A

True.

60
Q

What does strychnine implementation in mice demonstrate?

A

The facilitation of both short and long term memory, significantly increasing learning ability.

61
Q

Why is strychnine an important drug in pharmacological research?

A

It shows high specificity in labeling the glycine receptor.

Crude extracts of strychnine plant have also shown to be powerfully analgesic (1000x as potent as morphine).

62
Q

What are the two potent anti-malarial agents that are strychnine like alkaloids isolated from two African Strycnos species?

A

1) Sungucine.

2) Isostrychnopentamine.

63
Q

What are the two African Strycnos species?

A

1) S.icaja

2) S.usambarensis

BIOLOGY 3290 FINAL (13 decks)

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