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BIOLOGY 3290 FINAL > Non-Alkaloid Hallucinogens > Flashcards

Non-Alkaloid Hallucinogens Flashcards

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1
Q

What is wormwood (absinthe) and where is it native to?

A

A weedy annual composite, native to Eurasia and has been used medicinally for at least 2000 years.

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2
Q

What family does wormwood belong to?

A

Aster or Asteraceae family.

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3
Q

Where was wormwood mentioned and by whom was it recommended for reating intestinal worms and gastrointestinal complaints?

A

In the Ebers Papyrus, and both Dioscorides and Pliny recommended it for treating intestinal worms and gastrointestinal complaints.

Also promoted as an effective insecticide.

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4
Q

What does Pliny describe?

A

A mixture of wine and wormwood known as absinthes.

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5
Q

When did Pliny become more common?

A

Europe in 1500s following steam distillation invention.

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6
Q

What is “purl”, a substance common in Britain in 1700s and how was it produced?

A

A medicinal fortified ale, and was produced from distilled grain alcohol and wormwood essence.

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7
Q

When and where was absinthe first developed?

A

Switzerland in the late 1700s.

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8
Q

What was absinthe used as?

A

As an expensive medicinal alcoholic liqueur containing leaf extracts of Artemisia absinthium and other herbs.

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9
Q

When did Pernod Fils open a factory for the commercial production of absinthe?

A

1800s.

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10
Q

What was Pernod Fils’ version of absinthe?

A

A distillation of alcohol containing wormwood and numerous other herbs.

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11
Q

How is absinthe manufactured?

A

By steeping the herbal mixture in strong alcohol, followed by distillation to concentrate the alcohol and various volatile herbal secondary products. Green clear liquid.

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12
Q

What did the French soldiers stationed in Algeria during the 1840s do with wormwood?

A

They added wormwood to wine to prevent fevers.

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13
Q

Who was absinthe popular among?

A

French soldiers returning, the wealthy and intelligentsia of Europe and was said to evoke new views, different experiences, and unique feelings.

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14
Q

How did unscrupulous producers concoct cheap imitations?

A

Based it on distilled grain alcohol with cupric acetate or antimony chloride added to produce the green coordinations.

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15
Q

How were the cheap imitations of absinthe dangerous?

A

Cupric acetate and antimony chloride are neurotoxins.

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16
Q

How did the wormwood terpenes stay in solution?

A

Because of the high alcohol content.

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17
Q

How does one produce turbidity (louche)?

A

Cold water poured over sugar cube on sieve over absinthe, dilutes the alcohol, terpene precipitate out turning mixture yellow.

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18
Q

What is the active principle of absinthe?

A

The monoterpene thujone, a psychoactive neurotoxin.

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of thujone?

A

Thought to interact with THC however now we know that thujone is a GABA blockers.

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20
Q

Explain what happens when GABA is blocked?

A

The blocking of the neurotransmitter GABA, which moderates the firing of neural synapses, results in tremors and convulsions.

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of thujone poisoning noted in 1850, although dangers recored in 1708?

A

1) Dazed condition.
2) Convulsions.
3) Enfeebled mind.
4) Terrifying hallucinations.

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22
Q

Based on experiments in 1864, what was thujone produce at high concentrations?

A

1) Convulsions.
2) Abnormal Respiration.
3) Foaming at the mouth.

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23
Q

What did medical reports from the mid 1800s claim?

A

Heavy absinthe consumption caused auditory and visual hallucinations as well as convulsions similar to epilepsy.

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24
Q

Despite these claims, what happened with absinthe?

A

Absinthe consumptions increased 15 fold after successful campaigning. At WW1 outbreak, Pernod company was producing over 10 mil gallons annually.

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25
Q

Where in France were the effects most relevant due to high consumption of absinthe?

A

Arles in which neurological disorders and stillbirths and psychoses.

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26
Q

When was absinthe banned from Belgium, Switz, Italy, US and then France respectively?

A

Belgium, Switz, Italy, US: 1905-1913

France: 1915, not implemented until after WW1.

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27
Q

What are the two styles of absinthe that are produced?

A

True and bohemian.

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28
Q

What famous painter drank absinthe?

A

Vincent Van Gogh.

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29
Q

Where is true absinthe produced?

A

France and Spain, similar to original.

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30
Q

What is bohemian absinthe and where is it produced?

A

Not absinthe at all. Blue in coordinations and does not louche, produced in Eastern Europe.

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31
Q

According to European law, what is the maximum thujone content?

A

10ppm compared to traditional Penod absinthe which was 60-90ppm and competing brands has as high as 260-350ppm.

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32
Q

How would you describe nutmeg and where is it indigenous to?

A

A large tree, indigenous to the Banda Islands, a small archipelago west of New Guinea in present-day eastern Indonesia.

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33
Q

What are the two important spices obtained from the tree?

A

Nutmeg from the seed and mace from the fleshy aril surrounding the seed, both containing psychoactive principles.

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34
Q

Where is nutmeg added to betel but preparation and to chewing and snuffing tobacco?

A

Asia.

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35
Q

What is nutmeg considered in Yemen?

A

An aphrodisiac.

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36
Q

What was the nutmeg fruit known as in Indian Ayurvedic medicine?

A

Madashaunda (narcotic fruit).

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37
Q

Where is nutmeg listed along with opium, hashish and henbane as an intoxicating drug?

A

Medieval Muslim writings (800-600 yrs ago).

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38
Q

Where was nutmeg used as a stimulant after hashish and other narcotics were banned?

A

Egypt.

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39
Q

Who in North America first used nutmeg as a psychoactive drug?

A

New Orleans jazz musicians in the 1920s.

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40
Q

Who in North America used nutmeg as a psychoactive drug in the 1950s?

A

Prisoners in American jails from kitchens.

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41
Q

What the effects of consuming nutmeg?

A

1) Initial effects are gagging and vomiting.
2) Headache, dizziness, nausea.
3) General giddiness, both visual and auditory hallucinations.

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42
Q

What is the nutmeg effect similar to and why (2)?

A

Deliriant tropane alkaloid.

1) There is a sense of detachment from reality, sensations of floating/flying, and apparent separation of limbs from body.
2) Deep, coma sleep, severe body aches and depression are experienced upon awakening.

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43
Q

When does nutmeg become lethal?

A

5x the effective dose.

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44
Q

What are the active principles of nutmeg?

A

The related phenolics myristicin and elemicin.

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45
Q

How are the active principles of nutmeg, myristicin and elemicin, metabolized?

A

Metabolized into amphetamine-like compounds, myristicin into MMDA, and elemicin into TMA (similar to mescaline).

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46
Q

What is unique about myristicin?

A

It is a mild inhibitor of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme.

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47
Q

What is diviner’s sage or salvia, whose family is it a member to, and where is it native to?

A

A herbaceous member of the Mint family and is known only to the Oaxaca region of Mexico.

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48
Q

Does diviner’s sage or salvia occur naturally in the wild?

A

No, it is a cultigen of uncertain origin.

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49
Q

Why is diviner’s sage or salvia of uncertain origin?

A

Plants rarely produce seed and when the do the seeds are often not viable-the species is therefore propagated vegetatively.

50
Q

Who used the diviner’s sage as a shamanistic inebriant?

A

The Mazatec peoples of Oaxaca.

51
Q

What was diviner’s sage used in conjunction with or as a substitute for shamanistic purposes?

A

Sacred mushrooms and morning glory seeds.

52
Q

Who summarized the entheogenic use of diviner’s sage in 1962 including the ritulalistic ingestion of leaves and perception of shamanistic drink by Yerba de Maria?

A

Gordon Wasson.

53
Q

Where was diviner’s sage growing according to Richard Shultes?

A

Oaxaca.

54
Q

What is the process of the leaf chewing method?

A

1) 10 fresh leaves chewed and held in mouth.
2) Hallucinations begins after 10 min.
3) Last for 10-60 min.

55
Q

What is the experience or results of the diviner’s sage?

A

The experience is overwhelming and unpleasant. Bizarre out of body sensation and visual distortions are characteristic.

56
Q

What are the active principles of diviner’s sage

A

Two diterpenoids: Salvinorin A and B.

57
Q

What is unique about the salvinorin’s?

A

They are the most potent natural source hallucinogens known -0.2-1 mg is required to produce a strong effect. `

58
Q

What semi-synthetic drug is more potent and more powerful only requiring 0.05-0.2?

A

LSD.

59
Q

What is the mode of action of the salvinorins?

A

They are potent and highly selective kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists (three classed of opioid receptors).

60
Q

What is marijuana and where is it native to?

A

A rapidly-growing annual plant (3m in height) and is native to East and Central Asia.

61
Q

What is an uncommon phenomenon about marijuana?

A

It produces separate males and female plants.

62
Q

Where is potent resin from?

A

The unfertilized female flowering heads and male plants are generally removed to prevent fertilization.
Leaves of male and female plant equally potent in resin.

63
Q

What are the three overlapping species of marijuana?

A

1) Cannabis sativa.
2) C. indica.
3) C. ruderalis.

64
Q

What do botanists now recognize the three overlapping “chemotypes” of C. stavia to be?

A

1) A drug type.
2) An intermediate type.
3) A hemp fiber type.

65
Q

What was the first plant species to be domesticated?

A

Marijuana or hemp, evidence of cultivation dating back 8000 years in Eastern Asia.

66
Q

What was marijuana originally grown for?

A

As an important plant fibre for making ropes, clothing, and canvas like cloth.
The nutritious seeds were also eaten, and seed oil was burned in lamps for light and heat.

67
Q

Where was there evidence for the earliest used of cannabis as a psychoactive drug and what book contains indicating passage?

A

Ancient China, Shen Nog’s Materia Medica (written 2000 years ago).

68
Q

Who used marijuna as incense 2800 years ago and what what is known as in the Athara Veda?

A

Assyrians, known as “sacred grass”.

69
Q

Who burned hemp “seed” (the flowering head of the female plants) in steam baths to produce narcotic smoke as reported by the Greek Herodotus (490-425 BCE)?

A

The Scythians of Central Asia.

70
Q

Where did the scynthians likely introduce cannabis?

A

Europe and North Africa.

71
Q

What did the Greeks and Romans emphasize cannabis use as rather than promote psychoactive effects?

A

A fiber crop and in medicinal preparations-Glen only hinted at psychoactive effects.

72
Q

In which culture does the plant have powerful spiritual and mythological associations and is considered a holy plant in the Vedas?

A

Hindu of India.

73
Q

What major Hindu diety is cannabis associated with worshiping?

A

The worship of Shiva.

74
Q

What are the three cannabis preparations used in India?

A

1) Bhang.
2) Ganja.
3) Charas.

75
Q

What is the Bhang cannabis preparation?

A

The cheapest and least potent, consisting of dried leaves and flower shoots, mixed with milk, herbs and spices and consumed as a tea like beverage, or in candy and cakes.

76
Q

How is Bhang commonly used in Hindu?

A

In Hindu religious festivals an offering to images of Shiva. Also consumed for Holi Hindu festival (cleansing of sins).

77
Q

What other religion (other than Hindu) is bhang used in?

A

Sikh religion.

78
Q

What is the second preparation of cannabis in India and where is it obtained from?

A

Ganja, and is obtained from the resinous flowering tops of female plants.

79
Q

What is the potentcy of Ganja in comparison to Bhang?

A

It is 3x more potent.

80
Q

How is Ganja taken?

A

Often smoked with tobacco or datura.

81
Q

What is the third preparation of cannabis in India and what is it known as?

A

Charas, or pure brown cannabis resin and is known more commonly by its Middle Eastern name, hashish.

82
Q

What is the potentcy of Charas in comparison to Bhang?

A

It is 4-8x more potent than bhang and smoked in pipes, specifically clay popes known as chills.

83
Q

Both ganja and charas are used by ____ devotees as a gift or offering.

A

Shiva.

84
Q

Who are the Sadhu?

A

A sect of wandering Hindu ascetics who are prodigious smokers of ganja and charas.

85
Q

Why do the Sadhu empty cannabis?

A

To achieve unit with and show their devotion to Shiva.

86
Q

What do the Tibetan Tantric Buddhism consider cannabis to be?

A

A holy plant and have used it for religious purposes for over 2000 years.

87
Q

Where was cannabis use widely as a medicaments and intoxicant and where it was commonly known as kif or dagga?

A

Africa.

88
Q

What is cannabis a central sacrament to?

A

The Rastafarian religious movement, founded in Jamaica in 1930s.

89
Q

When and by whom was marijuana introduced to the US?

A

Mexican immigrant labourers in 1920s.

90
Q

Who was marijuana initially confined to?

A

The poor and some minority groups in the southern US.

91
Q

Though whom did cannabis come to the attention of Canadians?

A

Emily F. Murphy, an early feminist and first female judge in the British Empire.

92
Q

What book did Murphy write that was racist and dealt with opium and cocaine trafficking and abuse in Canada, along with marijuana?

A

The Black Candle.

93
Q

What did Murphy’s writing of marijuana result in?

A

Contributed to marijuanan being added to the list of regulated substances in the 1929 opium and narcotics drug act.

94
Q

Until when could marijuana be grown without a permit?

A

1938.

95
Q

When was cannabis introduced into prescription medications?

A

1954.

96
Q

What was the timeline of marijuana in the Narcotics Control Act?

A

1) 1961: Introduced strong penalties for cannabis possession.
2) 1970: Criminal Code of Canada revisions led to a reduction of these penalties

97
Q

When did alcohol prohibition in the US end and what was the result of that?

A

1932, and then the Federal Bureau of Narcotics was established to enforce existing laws controlling opium and cocaine.

98
Q

Who was passionate about hating cannabis?

A

Harry Anslinger.

99
Q

What did Anslinger claim about those who smoked marijuana despite the fact that hemp was grown (non-drug) to provide fibre crop?

A

Made racially based notions of marijuana abuse.

Claimed that the drug led to criminal acts, debauchery, lechery, and violent behaviour.

100
Q

When was marijuana made illegal in the US bu the Marijuana Stamp Act?

A

1937.

101
Q

What is the active psychoactive principle of marijuana?

A

The phenolic THC.

102
Q

What is a second related compound of marijuana?

A

Cannabidiol (CBD)-which is not psychoactive but appears to play a role in inhibiting anxiety symptoms associated with high THC intake.

103
Q

How do the cannabinoids work?

A

They bind to one or two THC receptors of the CNS, these receptors alter and modulate levels of neurotransmitters dopamine and GABA.

104
Q

What has been done to develop potent high-THC marijuana?

A

The anti-psychotic CBD is bred out.

105
Q

How has the potency of marijuana in NA increased?

A

1960: 0.4% THC
1970: 4% THC
Today: 14%

106
Q

To whom are these potent strains of marijuana particularly dangerous?

A

To younger persons predisposed to schizophrenia and related neurological disorders.

107
Q

What leads to the variability in the effects of marijuana?

A

1) Dosage.
2) Plant Chemotype.
3) Method of administration.
4) Personality/physiology/socioeconomic factors.

108
Q

What are the characteristic affects of marijuana?

A

Feelings of lassitude, dream like state, euphoria, hunger pangs, and altered perceptions of time.

109
Q

What may some marijuana users experience?

A

Panic attacks, bouts of paranoia, loss of coordination.

110
Q

What is the results of taking larger doses of marijuana?

A

Produce visual and auditory hallucinations, varying from person to person.

111
Q

What are long term effects of taking marijuana?

A

Impairment of short term morn, respiratory problems, and chronic psychosis.

112
Q

How was marijuana used medically in Ayurvedic medicine?

A

For treating ailments and was likely introduced into Africa as a medical plant (analgesic, antiseptic and appetite promoter).

113
Q

What did Dioscorides and Galen recommend marijuana use for medically?

A

They recommended it as an analgesic, and anti-flatulent, and to diminish sexual potency.

114
Q

What does contemporary clinical evidence indicate about marijuana?

A

That is relives nausea, vomiting and other unpleasant side-effects associated with chemotherapy.
Also used to treat glaucoma.

115
Q

What is CBD (cannabidiol) used for?

A

In alleviating the pain and muscle spasms associated with multiple sclerosis and persons suffering from spinal cord injuries.

116
Q

Where was cannabidioil recently granted “orphan status” as an anti-convulsant for treating Dravet syndrome (severe infant epilepsy), and other treatment resistant epilepsies?

A

US.

117
Q

When was marijuana made legal in Canada?

A

Oct. 17/2018.

118
Q

What is cannabis classified as in the US?

A

A schedule 1 drug (defined as a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use), at the federal level although it is legal in some states (Colorado).

119
Q

What is the name of the schedule 2 drug (prescription required, accepted medical used, high potential for abuse)?

A

Tetradrocannabinol (dronabinol).

120
Q

What is the market name for dronabinol?

A

Marinol.

121
Q

What is Marinol used to treat?

A

Nausea and to stimulate the appetite.

BIOLOGY 3290 FINAL (13 decks)

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