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BIOLOGY 3290 FINAL > Hallucinogens: Deliriants > Flashcards

Hallucinogens: Deliriants Flashcards

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1
Q

What class of hallucinogens do deliriants belong to and what is its mode of action?

A

The anticholinergics, which block the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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2
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

The principle neurotransmitter for neurons controlling peripheral muscular activity and for the cholinergic neurons (found in the basal ganglia and motor cortex of the brain).

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3
Q

Where are naturally occurring deliriant drugs present?

A

Solanaceous plant species (tomatoes family).

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4
Q

What do anticholinergics produce?

A

A strong delirium effect characterized by stupor, confusion and reversible identity amnesia.

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5
Q

What are the effects of anticholinergic users?

A

Have little control over their actions, are completely oblivious to pain, and have minimal or distorted recollections of the experience.

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6
Q

What are symptoms of the deliriant drugs?

A

Disrobing, conversing with non-existent persons, and an inability to recognize oneself in a mirror.

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7
Q

What were solanaceous plant species important for?

A

They were critically important to early agricultural and social development in Central and South America.

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8
Q

Which plants are native to the Americas and a part of the solanaceous family?

A

The tomato, capsicum pepper, potatoes and tobacco.

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9
Q

What is the difference of the solanaceous plant species indigenous to Europe when compared to the Americas?

A

These species are not economically important foods. Many are poisonous and some (henbane and bellabonna) were associated with paganism, devil-worship, and witchcraft.

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10
Q

What were the solanaceous plants in Americas, Africa, and India used for?

A

They were employed historically as potent entheogen for divination and ritualistic purposes.

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11
Q

What alkaloid do most solanaceous plants contain?

A

Tropane alkaloids, many of which are potent anticholinergic agents.

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of the tropane alkaloids?

A

They block acetylcholine receptor, thereby depressing transmissions across nerve synapses in the medullas arousal centres.

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13
Q

Where are tropane alkaloids mainly produced?

A

In the roots of solanaceous plants and subsequently transported to the above-ground parts, where they accumulate in varying amounts.

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14
Q

What are the three main pharmacology active alkaloids ?

A

1) Hyoscine
2) Atropine
3) Hyoscyamine

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15
Q

What is hyoscyamine used for?

A

Used medicinally as an antispasmodic to treat motion sickness, and as are-operative sedative that also reduces secretions, produces amnesia, and alleviates the side effect of anaesthesics.

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16
Q

What are atropine and hyoscyamine used for?

A

As sedatives and anaesthetics as well, and hyoscyamine has been used to treat Parkinson’s disease.

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17
Q

What do tropane alkaloids cause in the CNS?

A

Depression, followed by stimulation.

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18
Q

What do small doses of tropane alkaloids in the CNS cause?

A

Blurred vision, suppressed salivation, excitement, drowsiness and fatigue, a sense of euphoria, amnesia, delirium, and loss of attention.

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19
Q

What do higher doses of tropane alkaloids in the CNS cause?

A

Produce major perceptual distortions, including hallucinations that often occur in the transition between consciousness and sleep.

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20
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

Dream-like and include disturbing visual-auditory stimuli, a sensation of flying, and visitations to far away places.
All sense of reality is lost and pain becomes a meaningless concept, and persons become highly suggestible and oblivious of their surroundings.

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21
Q

Which type of solanaceous species are poisonous and associated with Medieval witchcraft?

A

1) Henbane
2) Belladonna

These were primary ingredients in the brews and ointments used in European witchcraft and sorcery.

22
Q

What were these witches brews mainly made of?

A

1) Herbal concoctions

2) Animal fat

23
Q

How did witches in Europe use these ointments?

A

They would rub their skin and orifices with these ointments, the animals fats greatly increased the absorption of tropane alkaloids in the bloodstream.

24
Q

Written records from which century describe the ingredients, and the use and effect of witches ointments

A

16th century.

25
Q

What are the most important solanaceous plants in European folklore?

A

Mandrake or mandragora.

26
Q

What has the mandrake long been associated with?

A

Peculiar superstitions and ceremonies in Europe and Western Asia.

27
Q

Who summarized the ceremonial digging of mandrake root (370-286 BCE)?

A

Theophrastus.

28
Q

When were a number of ancient Arabian myths associated with plants generally transferred to the mandrake?

A

5th century.

29
Q

What was the mandrake said to have the ability of doing?

A

Kill unless it was handled with great care, to harvest the plant, it was thought necessary to dig around its base and tie a dog to the root.
When the root is pulled out, the plant emits a piercing shriek that kills the dog.
The dog is sacrificed on behalf of the person harvesting the plant.

30
Q

What was the name of the cult that held another curious manifestation of the root’s human like form?

A

The alraune or mandrake “puppet”.

31
Q

What were mandrake roots kept as?

A

Kept as fetishes or talismans to bring owners good fortune.

32
Q

What else were the mandrake used or?

A

Used to divine secrets, to cure sterility in women, and to gain the affection of others.

33
Q

What was the mandrake root fashioned into in parts of Europe?

A

Doll like fetishes that were dressed, bathed and cared for.

34
Q

What would happen if the owner failed to care for the alraune?

A

Said to have dire consequences for the owner.

35
Q

When did these cults persist to?

A

20th century in parts of Europe and proved so popular that the roots of other plant species were often substituted for true mandrake.

36
Q

Despite being thought to bring their owners good fortune and protection from evil spirts, what was mandrake paradoxically associated with?

A

Witchcraft and the underworld.

37
Q

What example of possession of mandrake was used as evidence of demonic influences?

A

Joan of Arc’s possession.

38
Q

What is the history of use of datura?

A

It has a divination and shamanistic purposes.

39
Q

What was datura innoxia used for?

A

Used extensively as an entheogen by the Aztecs, Mayans, and earlier Central American cultures.

40
Q

What are the species of Datura?

A

Datura anoxia, D. metel, and D. stramonium.

41
Q

What is D.metel used for in India and Haiti?

A

It is used both medicinally and as intoxicant.

42
Q

What was Jimson weed used for (D. Stramonium) in Africa?

A

As a hallucinogen. It was also use in North America and was used as a medicinal plant by some indigenous groups.

43
Q

Is Jimsonweed poisonous?

A

Like many other hallucinogenic plants, it is also poisonous and the intoxicant effects are decidedly unpleasant and potentially life threatening.

44
Q

Where was the earliest reports of inebriating properties of jimsonweed?

A

Colonial Virginia.

45
Q

What is brugmansia?

A

Is a genus closely related to Datura, and were employed as hallucinogens in South America.

46
Q

What were B.aurea and B. suaveolens native to Andean and Amazonian South America traditionally used for?

A

They were employed as hallucinogens and were often in mixture with ayahuasca.

47
Q

Where are the tropane alkaloids from Brumansia species described in 1846?

A

A report on Brugsmansia intoxication of a Peruvian native.

48
Q

What are the solanaceous species native to Australia?

A

Pituri and corkwood.

49
Q

Who considers pituri a sacred plant?

A

The aboriginals of Australia and remains a culturally important component of their social structure.

50
Q

What does pituri contain?

A

A small amounts of hyoscine and other tropane alkaloids suggesting that it is only mildly hallucinogenic.

51
Q

Where have plantations of corkwood been established to supply tropane alkaloids used in modern pharmaceutical preparations?

A

Australia

BIOLOGY 3290 FINAL (13 decks)

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