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BIOLOGY 3290 FINAL > Medicinal Plants: Heart and Circulatory System > Flashcards

Medicinal Plants: Heart and Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is used to release hypertension?

A

Indian snakeroot.

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2
Q

What type of plan is the Indian snakeroot?

A

A shrub.

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3
Q

Which family does the Indian snakeroot belong to?

A

Periwinkle.

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4
Q

Where is the snakeroot native to?

A

Moist tropical areas of India and adjacent Southeast Asia.

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5
Q

What has been used in Ayurvedic medicine?

A

The bitter tapered root of the snakeroot.

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6
Q

Where was the snakeroot first mentioned?

A

Charaka Samhita (Written 2500 years ago).

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7
Q

What is the snakeroot known best for?

A

Calming effect.

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8
Q

What did the Indian snakeroot treat?

A

1) Mental disorders.
2) Agitation.
3) Soothe fretful babies.

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9
Q

Who chewed the root while meditating?

A

Holy men.

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10
Q

Who reported that the Indian snakeroot species was rich in physiologically-active alkaloids?

A

German chemist, M. Greshoff in the 1890s.

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11
Q

What is the Indian snakeroot species called?

A

Rauvolfia.

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12
Q

When was formal chemical analysis done of Indian snakeroot and by whom?

A

1930s, Indian chemists S. and R.H. Siddiqui.

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13
Q

What were claims regarding the efficacy of the snakeroot?

A

Amazing.

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14
Q

When were clinical trials of the snakeroot started?

A

1952.

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15
Q

What did the trials of snakeroot demonstrate?

A
  1. Hypertensive activity (Reduction in blood pressure).

2. Sedative effects (Relaxation without drowsiness).

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16
Q

What is the active compound of Indian snakeroot?

A

Indole alkaloid reserpine.

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17
Q

What was it put on the market my European and American companies for?

A
  1. Treating hypertension.
  2. Schizophrenia.
  3. Anxiety.
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18
Q

What does reserpine from the Indian snakeroot do?

A

Deplete stores of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine in the brain.

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19
Q

What insight did reserpine provide?

A

How brain amines worked in mental disorders.

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20
Q

What are symptoms of hypertension?

A
  1. Fatigue.
  2. Nervousness.
  3. Heart Palpitations.
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21
Q

How does reserpine work?

A

It has a cumulative affect.

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22
Q

What acted as a cardiotonic?

A

Foxglove.

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23
Q

What was the main COD in Europe after tuburculosis in 1500s-1700s?

A

Dropsy, an accumulation of body fluids (edema) in the body cavity and limbs that results in grotesque swelling.

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24
Q

What are these symptoms of?

A

A damaged, weakened heart. Blood returns to heart at a very low pressure resulting in leaking from capillaries to surrounding tissues.

May lead to congestive heart failure due to combined effect with weak kidneys.

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25
Q

What was used in European folk medicine to treat the symptoms of dropsy?

A

Decoction containing foxglove.

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26
Q

How was this folk herbalism spread?

A

Word of mouth.

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27
Q

What was foxglove considered as in European literature?

A

Poisonous.

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28
Q

How did foxglove come to light as an effective folk treatment?

A

By William Withering (1741-1799). He studied medicine at Edinburgh-eventually interested in Botany.

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29
Q

What did William Withering write?

A

First complete English language book on plants of the British Isles and became.a famous medical botanist.

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30
Q

When did William notice that a female herbalist cured a patient suffering from dropsy using a herbal decoction containing foxglove leaves?

A

1770s.

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31
Q

Who was the first physician to development systematic regimen of experimental medical treatment of foxglove?

A

William Withering.

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32
Q

Where did William Withering publish is clinical trials and results of foxglove?

A

In the “An account of the Foxglove and Some of its Medical Uses”.

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33
Q

What are the cardiac glycosides of foxglove?

A

Digoxin and digitoxin.

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34
Q

What activity do digoxin and digitoxin produce?

A

Cardiotonic activity.

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35
Q

What are cardiac glycosides from foxgloves used to treat?

A
  1. Congestive heart failure brought on by hypertension and arteriosclerosis.
  2. Maintain normal heart rhythm.
36
Q

How do cardiac glycosides exert their affects?

A

Increasing contractability of heart muscles and reducing but strengthening heart beat, slowing ventricles, improving heart action.

37
Q

What is the most widely prescribed carisotonic drug in North America and Europe?

A

Digoxin.

38
Q

List digitalis drugs.

A
  1. Digitoxin
  2. Lanatoside C
  3. Acetyldigitoxin
  4. Deslanoside
39
Q

Whole leaf extracts vs isolated cardiac glycoside?

A

Whole leaf extracts.

40
Q

What is a downfall of digitalis drugs?

A

They are extremely effective but offer only temporarily relief and must be taken regularly over a lifetime.

41
Q

What are the side effects of regular use of digitalis?

A
  1. Nausea
  2. Excessive Salivation
  3. Headache and Fatigue
42
Q

What are/is an anti-malarial?

A

Quinine or Peruvian bark.

43
Q

What is the genus of quinine?

A

Cinchona.

44
Q

What does the Cinchona species include and where is it native to?

A

Trees, 15-20m, native to the tropical Andean highlands of South America and North into Central America.

45
Q

What was Peruvian bark used for by early Peruvian herbalists?

A

Fever remedy.

46
Q

When did Europeans first become aware of the anti-malarial properties of quinine?

A

1630.

47
Q

Who was the quinine popularized by?

A

Spanish Jesuit Cardinal John De Lugo.

48
Q

What did quinine become known as?

A

Jesuits or Lugos Powder.

49
Q

What limited the use of Lugo’s powder?

A

The mistrust and strong anti-Catholic rhetoric at the time, limited the use of this powder in non-catholic Europe despite the presence of Malaria throughout Europe.

50
Q

Who became rich and famous in the 1660s for treating malaria patients with a secret recipe?

A

Robert Talbor.

51
Q

What was the secret recipe announced on his death?

A

Quinine bark administered in the correct dose.

52
Q

Where was the quinine bark sent from to Europe?

A

Rainforests of Peru and Bolivia.

53
Q

As the quinine supply diminished, who established plantations?

A

The Dutch and then British-however wrong strain.

54
Q

Charles Ledger, befriended Manuel a _____?

A

Bolivian who showed him the richest trees that included quinine. Died in jail for breaking the law by trading such trees.

55
Q

Who did Charles Ledger sell the trees to?

A

The Dutch, they had week roots, eventually combined with low yielding quinine roots for stability.

56
Q

What was the quinine produced from?

A

Cinchona trees.

57
Q

Who maintained monopoly of quinine until 1940?

A

The Dutch.

58
Q

How did the Dutch lose this monopoly?

A

1) Introduced DDT to the Americans and development of anti-malaria drugs.
2) Japanese invasion and occupation of Java cut off the supply of quinine to Allied Forces during WWII, prompting US to establish its own Cinchona plantations in south South America and Africa.

59
Q

What is malaria caused by?

A

Parasitic protozoans of the genus Plasmodium.

60
Q

Where did disease originate?

A

Africa. Thought wasn’t present in Americas until introduced by Europeans (1500).

61
Q

What are the four main species of Plasmodium?

A

1) P. malariae
2) P. vivax-most common
3) P. ovale
4) P. falciparum-most pathogenic

62
Q

Which is the only species of plasmodium that is not parasitic?

A

P. malariae.

63
Q

How is malaria transmitted?

A

Through female mosquitoes.

64
Q

What is the life cycle of the malaria parasite?

A

1) Malaria infected mosquito injects Plasmodium sporozoites into the bloodstream.
2) The sporozoites find their way to sliver where they invade liver cells and divide.
3) The liver cells rupture, releasing metozoites into the bloodstream that invade RBCs and divide again.
4) The invaded RBC rupture and merozoites invade other RBC, gametocytes are also produced.
5) Mosquito biting infected individual will then carry the parasite to another host: both male and female gametocytes must be present for mosquito to complete the cycle.

65
Q

When are merozoites released?

A

In regular intervals, every 12-60 hours depending on plasmodium strain. Produces alternating bouts of fevers, chills and sweating.

The liver and spleen become swollen and tender, and anemia may occur.

66
Q

What can malaria be classified as?

A

A self limiting disease, with complete recovery occurring after primary attack.

Severe malaria will occur rapidly however and death may follow soon after.

67
Q

When is prognosis poor?

A

IF plasmodium invades CNS.

Death is generally attributable to failure of the immune system.

68
Q

What was Rome considered as?

A

A pestilence city because malaria.

69
Q

What is malaria in Italian?

A

Bad air.

70
Q

What did people believe malaria was caused by?

A

Marsh gases.

71
Q

How has malaria been eradicated?

A

Wetland drainage and powerful insecticides.

72
Q

What is nerve-racking?

A

Death tolls. Plasmodium strains are becoming resistant to standard anti-malarial drugs.

73
Q

What does cinchona bark contain?

A

Quinoline alkaloids, quinine being the most important in regard to antimalarial drugs.

74
Q

What is used to treat atrial fibrillation (irregular heartbeat)?

A

Quinidine, a stereoisomer of quinine.

75
Q

When were the semi-synthetic quinolines, alkaloids similar in structure to quinine were made when?

A

1930s.

76
Q

What is the most important semi-synthetic anti-malarial compound?

A

Chloroquine. Higher activity and lower toxicity than quinine.

77
Q

What is the related compound hydroxchlorine used for?

A

To treat lupus erythematosus, a systemic auto-immune disease.

78
Q

Where did chloroquine resistant plasmodium develop independently?

A

South East Asia and South America (1959).

79
Q

What did the development of chloroquine resistant plasmodium spur?

A

The development of other synthetic anti-malarial quinolines such as lumefantrine and mefloquine. Affective but have unfortunate side affects.

80
Q

What is sweet wormwood classified as?

A

A small weedy annual herb, a member of the Aster family, and native to Southern Asia and Eastern Europe.

Weed in NA and Western Europe.

81
Q

Where has sweet wormwood been used as an anti-malarial agent for more than 2000 years?

A

China.

82
Q

What was the active chemical isolated?

A

A sesquiterpenoid, lactone called artemisinin. First isolate by Chinese chemists in 1971.

83
Q

What does artemisinin do?

A

Kills plasmodium.

However activity only lasts a few hours.

84
Q

What is the therapy that combats malaria?

A

Artemisinin class combination theory. (ACT Approach).

85
Q

What does the ACT approach do?

A

Combines artemisinin with longer acting synthetic quinoline, used in places were chloroquine is resistant.

86
Q

Where is sweet wormwood cultivated?

A

China, Africa, Southeast Asia. Super expensive treatment.

87
Q

What are they trying to do to develop low cost artemisinin drugs?

A

Use yeast to produce artemisinin acid (a precursor), want it to be 50 cents per dose.

BIOLOGY 3290 FINAL (13 decks)

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