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Pharmacognosy & Pharmaceutical Biology > plant organs used as vegetable drugs > Flashcards

plant organs used as vegetable drugs Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

plant organs used as vegetable drugs include (6)

A
  1. roots
  2. stems
  3. leaves
  4. flowers
  5. fruits
  6. seeds
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2
Q

different types of roots include these four types of roots

A
  1. fibrous roots
  2. adventitious roots
  3. tuberous roots
  4. tap roots
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3
Q

monocotyledons normally develop these types of roots

A

fibrous and adventitious roots

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4
Q

monocotyledons include

A

grasses, bulbs, corms

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5
Q

dicotyledons develop

A
  • nomally develop large root types such as tuberous and tap roots
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6
Q

what are primary differences between the primary root structure of mono and dicotyledon roots

A
  • xylem is central to the dicot
  • monocot contains pith in middle
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7
Q

what are common compoents of primary root structure

A
  • epidermis
  • exodermis
  • cortex
  • pericycle
  • xylem
  • phloem
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8
Q

large roots such as tuberous and tap roots have undergone

A

secondary growth

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9
Q

secondary growth involves the development of ____which replaces the epidermis and _________that add girth to the root

A
  • periderm
  • secondary vascular tissue
    • secondary phloem
    • secondary zylem
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10
Q

periderm is made up of

A
  • phellem
  • phellogen
  • phelloderm
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11
Q

what features of roots are used for identification

A
  1. variation in periderm structure
  2. starch grains in parenchyma cells of cortex as well as xylem and phloem
  3. presence/absence calcium oxalate crystals in parenchyma cells of cortex as well as xylem and phloem
  4. presence/absence of schlerenchyma in phloem
  5. presence/absence of sclernchyma in xylem
  6. size of xylem vessles and type of secondary thickening
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12
Q

what are the 3 different types of stems

A
  1. primary stems
  2. secondary stems
  3. underground stems
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13
Q

annuals and biennials have this type of stem

A

primary stem

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14
Q

secondary stems are associated with

A

perrenials

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15
Q

underground stems include rhizomes, root stock, tubers, bulbs and corms and are found in

A
  • perrenials such as lilies that die down in fall and produce primary stems in spring
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16
Q

primary stems contain these features

A
  • apical bud
  • leaf blade (leaf)
  • petiole (leaf stem)
  • internodes beween apical bud and lower node
  • nodes (junction at which leaf stems appear)
  • axillary bud at node/stem junction
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17
Q

what makes up the vascular bundle in stems of monocots and dicots

A
  • monocots:
    • xylem and phloem
  • dicots
    • xylem, phloem, cambium
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18
Q

the development of the periderm signals the start of

A

secondary growth where secondary vascular tissues increase the width of the stem

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19
Q

true/false:

the amound of secondary xylem produced druign secondary growth phase > secondary phloem

A

true

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20
Q

vegetable drugs that are described as barks are derived from

A

secondary stems by separating outer tissue at cambium

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21
Q

pharmaceutical bark contains

A
  • cambium
  • secondary phloem
  • cortex and
  • periderm
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22
Q

underground stems function as organs of perrennation and are stem structures specifically modified for

A

food storage

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23
Q

underground stems with the exception of this all have the same characteristics of primary stems

A

bulbs

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24
Q

compared with other underground stems, bulbs differ by consisting mainly of

A
  • fleshy leaves
  • no starch grains (e.g. squill)
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25
Q

features of stems used for identification of primary, secondary and underground stems include

A
  • primary stems
    • green colour
    • calcium oxalate crystals and laticifers in cortex and pith
    • arrangement of vascular bundle and fibres
  • secondary stems
    • periderm
    • presence of starch and calcium oxalate crystals in parenchyma of cortex,
    • medullary rays and
    • axial phloem
    • size, shape and distribution of sclerenchyma cells
    • NO XYLEM
  • underground stems
    • large amounts of starch in parenchyma cells
    • calcium oxalate
    • xylem with secondary thickening
26
Q

Leaves are the main organ that does this

A

photosynthesis

27
Q

leaves are green due to the large number of

A

chloroplasts

28
Q

leaves lose moisture through

A

the stomata via transpiration

29
Q

the leaf blade is attached to the stem at a node by a

A

leaft stalk (petiole)

30
Q

identification of leaves is performed using these methods

A
  • Microscopic examination
    • transverse sections
    • from above
31
Q

a transverse section of a leaf displays the folloiwn characteristics

A
  • upper and lower epidermis
  • mesophyll
    • palisade parenchyma
    • spongy parenchyma
  • collencyma
  • idioblasts
  • vascular bundles
32
Q

the mesophyll of a leaf contains

A

rich chloroplast parenchymatous tissue between epidermal layers

33
Q

mesophyll is made up of the following two cell types

A
  • palisade parenchyma
  • spongy parenchyma
34
Q

flowers are shoots specializing in

A

reproduction

35
Q

flower parts include

A
  • sepal
  • petals
  • stamens
  • gynoecium
36
Q

sepals are the

A

green leaf like structure at the base of the flower also called the calyx

37
Q

petals are contained within the______and are usually _________.

A
  • sepal
  • brightly coloured
38
Q

stamens are located within the _______and contain _____ producing _____ and stalk

A
  • petals
  • anther
  • pollen grains
39
Q

the gynoecium is located in the centre of the flower and contains these three things

A
  • ovaries producing seeds
  • style and stigma receptive surface for pollen grains
40
Q

when a large number of flowers are grouped together on a flowering shoot this is called

A

inflorescence

41
Q

identification of flowers uses

A
  • calyx
  • corolla
    • epidermal cells, stomata, trichomes, mesophyll, vascular tissue
  • crystals in parenchymatous cells
  • pollen grains
42
Q

seeds are developed

A

from ovules after fertilization

43
Q

seeds are attached to the ovary wall by a

A

funicle

44
Q

at maturity the funicle breaks and leaves a scar on the seed known as the

A

hilium

45
Q

the basic structure of seeds depends on whether it is

A

starchy or oily

46
Q

if a seed is starchy it is predominantly mad eup of

A

parenchyma cells from cotyledons

47
Q

thick walled parenchymatous endosperm containing aleurone grains and droplets of fixed oil in vacuoles describes the seed structure of oily or starchy seeds

A

oily

48
Q

all seeds have a multi-layered ______ which is made up of these four layers

A
  • testa
  • epidermis - cotton or mucilage
  • pigment layer
  • sclerenchyma layer - hardness
  • nutrient layer - parenchymatous cells
49
Q

seeds are identified based upon

A
  • presence of fixed oil droplets and aleurone grains in endosperm
  • calcium oxalate
  • starch (non-endospermatous)
  • testa
50
Q

fruits develop from the_________at the same time the ovule matures into seeds

A

ovary

51
Q

what are the three types of fruit

A
  • compound (fig) from influorescence
  • aggregate (star anise) from single flower where gynoecium exists as separate carpels
  • simple (poppy capsule) from single flower where carpels are fused together
52
Q

this type of fruit is broken down into dry and succulen fruit

A

simple fruits

53
Q

dry simple fruits include

A
  • cremocarp (anise seed)
  • legumes (senna pod)
  • capsules (poppy)
54
Q

succlulent simple fruits include

A

berries e.g. black current, orange lemon

55
Q

the ovary wall develops into the fruit wall (pericarp) which can be divided into the following 3 layers

A
  • epicarp
  • endocarp
  • mesocarp
56
Q

the epicarp is the

A

outer layer and contains stomata, trichomes and crystals

57
Q

this layer of teh fruit wall is the inner layer

A

endocarp

58
Q

the mesocarp is the

A

middle layer

59
Q

the mesocarp may be

A
  • succulent
  • spongy
  • dry
60
Q

the mesocarp tissue is usually________with vascular stands running through it and may display

A
  • parenchymatous
  • sclerids
  • crystals
  • schizogenous ucts
  • schizolysigenous cavities
  • articulated laticifers
  • oil cells
61
Q

fruits are identified based upon

A

epidermis and mesocarp structures

Pharmacognosy & Pharmaceutical Biology (14 decks)

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