plant organs used as vegetable drugs

Question 1

plant organs used as vegetable drugs include (6)

Answer 1

1. roots
2. stems
3. leaves
4. flowers
5. fruits
6. seeds

Question 2

different types of roots include these four types of roots

Answer 2

1. fibrous roots
2. adventitious roots
3. tuberous roots
4. tap roots

Question 3

monocotyledons normally develop these types of roots

Answer 3

fibrous and adventitious roots

Question 4

monocotyledons include

Answer 4

grasses, bulbs, corms

Question 5

dicotyledons develop

Answer 5

• nomally develop large root types such as tuberous and tap roots

Question 6

what are primary differences between the primary root structure of mono and dicotyledon roots

Answer 6

• xylem is central to the dicot
• monocot contains pith in middle

Question 7

what are common compoents of primary root structure

Answer 7

• epidermis
• exodermis
• cortex
• pericycle
• xylem
• phloem

Question 8

large roots such as tuberous and tap roots have undergone

Answer 8

secondary growth

Question 9

secondary growth involves the development of ____which replaces the epidermis and _________that add girth to the root

Answer 9

• periderm
• secondary vascular tissue
  
  • secondary phloem
  • secondary zylem

Question 10

periderm is made up of

Answer 10

• phellem
• phellogen
• phelloderm

Question 11

what features of roots are used for identification

Answer 11

1. variation in periderm structure
2. starch grains in parenchyma cells of cortex as well as xylem and phloem
3. presence/absence calcium oxalate crystals in parenchyma cells of cortex as well as xylem and phloem
4. presence/absence of schlerenchyma in phloem
5. presence/absence of sclernchyma in xylem
6. size of xylem vessles and type of secondary thickening

Question 12

what are the 3 different types of stems

Answer 12

1. primary stems
2. secondary stems
3. underground stems

Question 13

annuals and biennials have this type of stem

Answer 13

primary stem

Question 14

secondary stems are associated with

Answer 14

perrenials

Question 15

underground stems include rhizomes, root stock, tubers, bulbs and corms and are found in

Answer 15

• perrenials such as lilies that die down in fall and produce primary stems in spring

Question 16

primary stems contain these features

Answer 16

• apical bud
• leaf blade (leaf)
• petiole (leaf stem)
• internodes beween apical bud and lower node
• nodes (junction at which leaf stems appear)
• axillary bud at node/stem junction

Question 17

what makes up the vascular bundle in stems of monocots and dicots

Answer 17

• monocots:
  
  • xylem and phloem
• dicots
  
  • xylem, phloem, cambium

Question 18

the development of the periderm signals the start of

Answer 18

secondary growth where secondary vascular tissues increase the width of the stem

Question 19

true/false:

the amound of secondary xylem produced druign secondary growth phase > secondary phloem

Answer 19

true

Question 20

vegetable drugs that are described as barks are derived from

Answer 20

secondary stems by separating outer tissue at cambium

Question 21

pharmaceutical bark contains

Answer 21

• cambium
• secondary phloem
• cortex and
• periderm

Question 22

underground stems function as organs of perrennation and are stem structures specifically modified for

Answer 22

food storage

Question 23

underground stems with the exception of this all have the same characteristics of primary stems

Answer 23

bulbs

Question 24

compared with other underground stems, bulbs differ by consisting mainly of

Answer 24

• fleshy leaves
• no starch grains (e.g. squill)

Question 25

features of stems used for identification of primary, secondary and underground stems include

Answer 25

* primary stems * green colour * calcium oxalate crystals and laticifers in cortex and pith * arrangement of vascular bundle and fibres * secondary stems * periderm * presence of starch and calcium oxalate crystals in parenchyma of cortex, * medullary rays and * axial phloem * size, shape and distribution of sclerenchyma cells * NO XYLEM * underground stems * large amounts of starch in parenchyma cells * calcium oxalate * xylem with secondary thickening

Question 26

Leaves are the main organ that does this

Answer 26

photosynthesis

Question 27

leaves are green due to the large number of

Answer 27

chloroplasts

Question 28

leaves lose moisture through

Answer 28

the stomata via transpiration

Question 29

the leaf blade is attached to the stem at a node by a

Answer 29

leaft stalk (petiole)

Question 30

identification of leaves is performed using these methods

Answer 30

* Microscopic examination * transverse sections * from above

Question 31

a transverse section of a leaf displays the folloiwn characteristics

Answer 31

* upper and lower epidermis * mesophyll * palisade parenchyma * spongy parenchyma * collencyma * idioblasts * vascular bundles

Question 32

the mesophyll of a leaf contains

Answer 32

rich chloroplast parenchymatous tissue between epidermal layers

Question 33

mesophyll is made up of the following two cell types

Answer 33

* palisade parenchyma * spongy parenchyma

Question 34

flowers are shoots specializing in

Answer 34

reproduction

Question 35

flower parts include

Answer 35

* sepal * petals * stamens * gynoecium

Question 36

sepals are the

Answer 36

green leaf like structure at the base of the flower also called the calyx

Question 37

petals are contained within the\_\_\_\_\_\_and are usually \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 37

* sepal * brightly coloured

Question 38

stamens are located within the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_and contain _____ producing _____ and stalk

Answer 38

* petals * anther * pollen grains

Question 39

the gynoecium is located in the centre of the flower and contains these three things

Answer 39

* ovaries producing seeds * style and stigma receptive surface for pollen grains

Question 40

when a large number of flowers are grouped together on a flowering shoot this is called

Answer 40

inflorescence

Question 41

identification of flowers uses

Answer 41

* calyx * corolla * epidermal cells, stomata, trichomes, mesophyll, vascular tissue * crystals in parenchymatous cells * pollen grains

Question 42

seeds are developed

Answer 42

from ovules after fertilization

Question 43

seeds are attached to the ovary wall by a

Answer 43

funicle

Question 44

at maturity the funicle breaks and leaves a scar on the seed known as the

Answer 44

hilium

Question 45

the basic structure of seeds depends on whether it is

Answer 45

starchy or oily

Question 46

if a seed is starchy it is predominantly mad eup of

Answer 46

parenchyma cells from cotyledons

Question 47

thick walled parenchymatous endosperm containing aleurone grains and droplets of fixed oil in vacuoles describes the seed structure of oily or starchy seeds

Answer 47

oily

Question 48

all seeds have a multi-layered ______ which is made up of these four layers

Answer 48

* testa * epidermis - cotton or mucilage * pigment layer * sclerenchyma layer - hardness * nutrient layer - parenchymatous cells

Question 49

seeds are identified based upon

Answer 49

* presence of fixed oil droplets and aleurone grains in endosperm * calcium oxalate * starch (non-endospermatous) * testa

Question 50

fruits develop from the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_at the same time the ovule matures into seeds

Answer 50

ovary

Question 51

what are the three types of fruit

Answer 51

* compound (fig) from influorescence * aggregate (star anise) from single flower where gynoecium exists as separate carpels * simple (poppy capsule) from single flower where carpels are fused together

Question 52

this type of fruit is broken down into dry and succulen fruit

Answer 52

simple fruits

Question 53

dry simple fruits include

Answer 53

* cremocarp (anise seed) * legumes (senna pod) * capsules (poppy)

Question 54

succlulent simple fruits include

Answer 54

berries e.g. black current, orange lemon

Question 55

the ovary wall develops into the fruit wall (pericarp) which can be divided into the following 3 layers

Answer 55

* epicarp * endocarp * mesocarp

Question 56

the epicarp is the

Answer 56

outer layer and contains stomata, trichomes and crystals

Question 57

this layer of teh fruit wall is the inner layer

Answer 57

endocarp

Question 58

the mesocarp is the

Answer 58

middle layer

Question 59

the mesocarp may be

Answer 59

* succulent * spongy * dry

Question 60

the mesocarp tissue is usually\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_with vascular stands running through it and may display

Answer 60

* parenchymatous * sclerids * crystals * schizogenous ucts * schizolysigenous cavities * articulated laticifers * oil cells

Question 61

fruits are identified based upon

Answer 61

epidermis and mesocarp structures