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Pharmacognosy & Pharmaceutical Biology > Biosynthesis Secondary Metabolites > Flashcards

Biosynthesis Secondary Metabolites Flashcards

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1
Q

autotrophs

A
  • produce their own food in the form of cbh, fats, or proteins
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2
Q

how do autotrophs produce their own food

A

through photosynthesis

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3
Q

food production occurs in the green part of plants called

A

chloroplasts

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4
Q

chloroplasts use __________to convert these three things into large compounds

A
  • chlorophyll
  • sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water
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5
Q

what is the basic formula for photosynthesis

what are the products of the reaction

what is required for the reaction

A
  • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → 6O2 + C6H12O6
  • C6H12O6 = Glucose and oxygen
  • sunlight and chlorphyll
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6
Q

what are the metabolites from photosynthesis used for

A

energy for catabolic reactions or building blocks for secondary metabolism (anabolic reactions)

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7
Q

what is catabolism

A

degradative metabolism

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8
Q

what is anabolism

A

synthetic metabolism i.e. building up

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9
Q

what are primary metabolites (3)

A

carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

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10
Q

what are the 5 classes of secondary metabolites

A
  1. alkaloids
  2. phenolics
  3. terpenoids
  4. glycosides
  5. fatty acids
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11
Q

what are three pathways by which primary metabolism occurs

A
  1. photosynthesis
  2. glucose metabolism by the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle)
  3. pentose phosphate pathway
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12
Q

which two sugars are important carbon sugars and through which pathways are they metabolized

A
  • glucose and erythrose-4-phosphate
  • glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway
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13
Q

match ATP and NADPH with below:

a) reducing agent
b) activating agent

A
  • ATP is a reducing agent (used in catabolic reactions)
  • NADPH is an activating agent used in anabolic reactions
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14
Q

The citric acid cycle produces

A
  • energy (ATP) through the oxidation of glucose and other simple keto acides, dicarboxylic acids and carbon dioxide
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15
Q

in the absence of oxygen glucose is converted to _________ through _______

A
  • phosphoenol pyruvic acid, pyruvic acid and acetyl coenzyme A
  • glycolysis
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16
Q

which key intermediate links primary and secondary metabolism

A

phosphoenol pyruvate

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17
Q

which pathway yields the intermediate erythrose-4-phosphate

A

pentose phosphate pathway

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18
Q

what are three intermediates produced from primary metabolism which are used in secondary metabolism

A
  • erythrose-4-phosphate
  • acetyl coenzyme A
  • phosphoenol pyruvic acid
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19
Q

what are the 5 main pathways of secondary metabolism

A
  1. shikimic acid pathway
  2. citric acid cycle
  3. mevalonic acid pathway
  4. polyketide pathway
  5. fatty acid biosynthesis
20
Q

what intermediate is common to all pathways

A

phosphoenol pyruvic acid

21
Q

phosphoenol pyruvic acid is metabolised to _______and ____________. _______ is the intermediate which is used in the _________pathway while ________ is used in the remaining 4 secondary metabolic pathways

A
  • erythrose-4-phosphate
  • pyruvic acid
  • erythrose-4-phosphate
  • shikimic acid pathway
  • pyruvic acid
22
Q

what are the classes of drugs for each of the pathways

  1. shikimic
  2. mevalonic
  3. polyketide
  4. fatty acid
  5. citric acid
A
  1. aromatic amino acids, alkaloids, flavanones, coumarins
  2. terpenes
  3. phenolics, aromatics
  4. saturated and unsaturated compounds
  5. aliphatic amino acids and aliphatic alkaloids
23
Q

the shikimic acid pathway produces

A
  • aromatic amino acids
  • alkaloids
  • flavanoids and coumarins
24
Q

what are the aromatic amino acids produced in the shikimic acid pathway and what do those intermediates produce

A
  • tyrosine & phenylalanine
    • coumarins and alkaloids
  • anthranilic acid
    • tryptophan
      • indole alkaloids
25
Q

what secondary metabolites are obtained from phenylalanine and tyrosine?

A
  1. Coumarins
    • cinnaminic acide and deaminated tyrosing & phenylalanine
  2. alkaloids
    • monocyclic alkaloids (Ephedrine)
    • isoquinilone alkaloids (pellotine)
    • benzoisoquinoline alkaloids (Morphine)
    • amaryllidaceae alkaloids (lycorine)
26
Q

tryptophan alkaloids are produced as a result of _________metabolism.

give an example of an alkaloid produced via this metabolism

A
  • mixed
  • quinine and lysergic acid
27
Q

simple indole alkaloids are formed by minor modification of

A

tryptophan e.g. serotonin

28
Q

acetyl coenzyme A mediates the following biosynthetic pathways

A
  1. citric acid cycle
  2. mevalonic pathway
  3. polyketide pathway
  4. fatty acid biosynthesis
29
Q

the citric acid cycle is also known as

A

the TCA cycle Tricarboxylic acid cycle

30
Q

the citric acid cycle produces keto acids which are metabolized into

A

aliphatic amino acids such as ornithine, hysine, histidine

31
Q

aliphatic amino acids are metabolized into (2 things)

A
  • aliphatic alkaloids such as Nicotine and cocaine
  • penicillin, cephalosporin and cyclic peptide antibiotics
32
Q

polyketide pathway gives rise to (3)

A
  • phenols and aromatics, e.g. griseofulvin (hepta-ketide)
  • anthraquinones e.g. emodin
  • tetracycline antibiotics
33
Q

how are polyketides formed

A

by stepwise linear addition of C2 acetyl-coenzyme A units

34
Q

fatty acids are formed by the

A

linear condensation of acetate and malonate to form a diketide followed by subsequent condensation and reduction reactions

35
Q

saturated fatty acids have:

a) no double bonds
b) some double bonds
c) many double bonds

A

a ) no double bonds

36
Q

unsaturated fatty acids have:

a) no double bonds
b) some double bonds
c) many double bonds

A

b) some double bonds

37
Q

linear condensation of the fatty acid chain continues until the chain reaches

A

C16 palmitic or C18 stearic acid

38
Q

double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids are usually in the ____configuration

A

cis of Z

39
Q

the mevalonic acid pathway generates

A

terpenoids/isoprenoids

40
Q

what is the common precursor for all terpenoids

A

a C5 isoprene unit

41
Q

terpenes are classified according to the number of isoprene units in their skeleton. For each class of terpense list how many isoprene units and carbon atoms are in each type.

Hemiterpene

Monoterpene

Sesquiterpene

Diterpene

Triterpene

tetraterpene

Polyterpene

A
  • Hemiterpene - 1 isoprene, 5 carbons
  • Monoterpene - 2 isoprene, 10 carbons
  • Sesquiterpene - 3 isoprene, 15 carbons
  • Diterpene - 4 isoprene, 20 carbons
  • Triterpene - 6 isoprene, 30 carbons
  • tetraterpene - 8 isoprene, 40 carbons
  • Polyterpene - n isoprene, (C5)n
42
Q

isoprene units (C5) are also called

A

isopentenyl phosphate

43
Q

10C units or monoterpenes are made up of

A

one C5 isopentyl phosphate + one 3-3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAP)

44
Q

sesquiterpenes contain this number of carbon and include this class of drugs

A
  • 15
  • potent anti-tumor agents
45
Q

diterpenes contain X carbons and include these drugs

A
  • 20
  • gibberellins and ginkoglides

Pharmacognosy & Pharmaceutical Biology (14 decks)

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