Biosynthesis Secondary Metabolites Flashcards
autotrophs
- produce their own food in the form of cbh, fats, or proteins
how do autotrophs produce their own food
through photosynthesis
food production occurs in the green part of plants called
chloroplasts
chloroplasts use __________to convert these three things into large compounds
- chlorophyll
- sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water
what is the basic formula for photosynthesis
what are the products of the reaction
what is required for the reaction
- 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → 6O2 + C6H12O6
- C6H12O6 = Glucose and oxygen
- sunlight and chlorphyll
what are the metabolites from photosynthesis used for
energy for catabolic reactions or building blocks for secondary metabolism (anabolic reactions)
what is catabolism
degradative metabolism
what is anabolism
synthetic metabolism i.e. building up
what are primary metabolites (3)
carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
what are the 5 classes of secondary metabolites
- alkaloids
- phenolics
- terpenoids
- glycosides
- fatty acids
what are three pathways by which primary metabolism occurs
- photosynthesis
- glucose metabolism by the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle)
- pentose phosphate pathway
which two sugars are important carbon sugars and through which pathways are they metabolized
- glucose and erythrose-4-phosphate
- glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway
match ATP and NADPH with below:
a) reducing agent
b) activating agent
- ATP is a reducing agent (used in catabolic reactions)
- NADPH is an activating agent used in anabolic reactions
The citric acid cycle produces
- energy (ATP) through the oxidation of glucose and other simple keto acides, dicarboxylic acids and carbon dioxide
in the absence of oxygen glucose is converted to _________ through _______
- phosphoenol pyruvic acid, pyruvic acid and acetyl coenzyme A
- glycolysis
which key intermediate links primary and secondary metabolism
phosphoenol pyruvate
which pathway yields the intermediate erythrose-4-phosphate
pentose phosphate pathway
what are three intermediates produced from primary metabolism which are used in secondary metabolism
- erythrose-4-phosphate
- acetyl coenzyme A
- phosphoenol pyruvic acid
what are the 5 main pathways of secondary metabolism
- shikimic acid pathway
- citric acid cycle
- mevalonic acid pathway
- polyketide pathway
- fatty acid biosynthesis
what intermediate is common to all pathways
phosphoenol pyruvic acid
phosphoenol pyruvic acid is metabolised to _______and ____________. _______ is the intermediate which is used in the _________pathway while ________ is used in the remaining 4 secondary metabolic pathways
- erythrose-4-phosphate
- pyruvic acid
- erythrose-4-phosphate
- shikimic acid pathway
- pyruvic acid
what are the classes of drugs for each of the pathways
- shikimic
- mevalonic
- polyketide
- fatty acid
- citric acid
- aromatic amino acids, alkaloids, flavanones, coumarins
- terpenes
- phenolics, aromatics
- saturated and unsaturated compounds
- aliphatic amino acids and aliphatic alkaloids
the shikimic acid pathway produces
- aromatic amino acids
- alkaloids
- flavanoids and coumarins
what are the aromatic amino acids produced in the shikimic acid pathway and what do those intermediates produce
- tyrosine & phenylalanine
- coumarins and alkaloids
- anthranilic acid
- tryptophan
- indole alkaloids
- tryptophan
what secondary metabolites are obtained from phenylalanine and tyrosine?
- Coumarins
- cinnaminic acide and deaminated tyrosing & phenylalanine
- alkaloids
- monocyclic alkaloids (Ephedrine)
- isoquinilone alkaloids (pellotine)
- benzoisoquinoline alkaloids (Morphine)
- amaryllidaceae alkaloids (lycorine)
tryptophan alkaloids are produced as a result of _________metabolism.
give an example of an alkaloid produced via this metabolism
- mixed
- quinine and lysergic acid
simple indole alkaloids are formed by minor modification of
tryptophan e.g. serotonin
acetyl coenzyme A mediates the following biosynthetic pathways
- citric acid cycle
- mevalonic pathway
- polyketide pathway
- fatty acid biosynthesis
the citric acid cycle is also known as
the TCA cycle Tricarboxylic acid cycle
the citric acid cycle produces keto acids which are metabolized into
aliphatic amino acids such as ornithine, hysine, histidine
aliphatic amino acids are metabolized into (2 things)
- aliphatic alkaloids such as Nicotine and cocaine
- penicillin, cephalosporin and cyclic peptide antibiotics
polyketide pathway gives rise to (3)
- phenols and aromatics, e.g. griseofulvin (hepta-ketide)
- anthraquinones e.g. emodin
- tetracycline antibiotics
how are polyketides formed
by stepwise linear addition of C2 acetyl-coenzyme A units
fatty acids are formed by the
linear condensation of acetate and malonate to form a diketide followed by subsequent condensation and reduction reactions
saturated fatty acids have:
a) no double bonds
b) some double bonds
c) many double bonds
a ) no double bonds
unsaturated fatty acids have:
a) no double bonds
b) some double bonds
c) many double bonds
b) some double bonds
linear condensation of the fatty acid chain continues until the chain reaches
C16 palmitic or C18 stearic acid
double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids are usually in the ____configuration
cis of Z
the mevalonic acid pathway generates
terpenoids/isoprenoids
what is the common precursor for all terpenoids
a C5 isoprene unit
terpenes are classified according to the number of isoprene units in their skeleton. For each class of terpense list how many isoprene units and carbon atoms are in each type.
Hemiterpene
Monoterpene
Sesquiterpene
Diterpene
Triterpene
tetraterpene
Polyterpene
- Hemiterpene - 1 isoprene, 5 carbons
- Monoterpene - 2 isoprene, 10 carbons
- Sesquiterpene - 3 isoprene, 15 carbons
- Diterpene - 4 isoprene, 20 carbons
- Triterpene - 6 isoprene, 30 carbons
- tetraterpene - 8 isoprene, 40 carbons
- Polyterpene - n isoprene, (C5)n
isoprene units (C5) are also called
isopentenyl phosphate
10C units or monoterpenes are made up of
one C5 isopentyl phosphate + one 3-3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAP)
sesquiterpenes contain this number of carbon and include this class of drugs
- 15
- potent anti-tumor agents
diterpenes contain X carbons and include these drugs
- 20
- gibberellins and ginkoglides
