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Biology - Lizzie > Plant Nutrition > Flashcards

Plant Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the word and symbol equations for photosynthesis?

A
  • carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

* 6CO₂ + 6H₂O –> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

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2
Q

What things, in addition to the elements in the equations, are required for photosynthesis?

A
  • Sunlight

* Chlorophyll

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3
Q

What absorbs light energy and where is it found?

A

Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, and is found in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

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4
Q

What is glucose in plants stored as and why?

A
  • Glucose as stored as starch (a large molecule made of thousands of glucose molecules).
  • Starch is insoluble, which means that it does not have an osmotic effect on the plant.
  • Starch is also a large molecule and more compact so it takes up less space in the plant than glucose.
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5
Q

What substance tests the production of starch? What colour change will occur?

A

Iodine solution will go from brown to blue/black.

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6
Q

What are the stages of testing with iodine solution?

A
  • Put the leaf in boiling water to kill it and prevent any further chemical reactions.
  • Put the leaf in a boiling tube with ethanol and heat it in a water bath to remove any chlorophyll.
  • Rinse the leaf in cold water and add iodine solution to test for the production of starch.
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7
Q

How to test for requirement of light for photosynthesis:

A

Cover a part of the leaf with foil/card - no starch should be produced in this area so it will remain brown when tested with iodine.

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8
Q

How to test for requirement of chlorophyll for photosynthesis:

A

Use variegated leaves which have no chlorophyll in the white areas - no starch should be produced in these areas and so they will remain brown when tested with iodine.

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9
Q

How to test for production of oxygen for photosynthesis:

A

Use a water plant such as Elodea - as photosynthesis takes place bubbles of gas become visible, which can be collected in a test tube (with a scale) and tested for oxygen by using a glowing splint.

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10
Q

How to test for requirement of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis:

A

By using soda lime to trap the carbon dioxide from the air, it is no longer available for photosynthesis - leaves cultured in the presence of soda lime should not turn blue/black when tested with iodine.

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11
Q

What does the waxy cuticle do?

A

It is waterproof, prevents water loss.

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12
Q

What does the upper epidermis do?

A

Protection for the leaf, lets light through for photosynthesis.

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13
Q

What do the palisade cells do?

A

They are tightly packed and have lots of chloroplasts, therefore there is a high rate of photosynthesis.

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14
Q

What do the spongy cells do?

A

They are loosely packed, have some chloroplasts and there is some photosynthesis.

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15
Q

What do the air spaces do?

A

Provide air channels through the lead for gas exchange.

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16
Q

What does the phloem do?

A

Carries dissolved sugar (sucrose) to the rest of the plant.

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17
Q

What does the xylem do?

A

Carries water and minerals from roots to leaf.

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18
Q

What do the guard cells do?

A

Control the opening and closing of the stomata.

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19
Q

What does the stoma(-ta) do?

A
  • Controls gas exchange (carbon dioxide in, oxygen out).

* Controls transpiration (water out).

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20
Q

What is the use and what are the elements for glucose?

A
  • Substrate for respiration.

* C, H, O.

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21
Q

What is the use and what are the elements for sucrose?

A
  • Main sugar carried in phloem, also in nectar.

* C, H, O.

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22
Q

What is the use and what are the elements for starch?

A
  • Storage carbohydrate.

* C, H, O.

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23
Q

What is the use and what are the elements for lipids?

A
  • Components of cell membranes.
  • Long-term energy store (seeds).
  • C, H, O.
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24
Q

What is the use and what are the elements for cellulose?

A
  • Component of cell walls.

* C, H, O.

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25
Q

What is the use and what are the elements for amino acids?

A
  • Components of proteins.

* C, H, O, N.

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26
Q

What is the use and what are the elements for nucleotides?

A
  • Components of DNA.

* C, H, O, N, P.

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27
Q

What is the use and what are the elements for chlorophyll?

A
  • Absorption of light in photosynthesis.

* C, H, O, Mg.

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28
Q

What will happen to a plant lacking in nitrogen?

A
  • Nitrogen is needed to make amino acids, proteins, ATP and DNA.
  • The plant will have stunted growth and slightly yellow leaves.
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29
Q

What will happen to a plant lacking in magnesium?

A
  • Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll.

* The plant will have yellow leaves.

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30
Q

What will happen to a plant lacking in phosphorus?

A
  • Phosphorus is needed to make ATP and DNA.

* The plant will have sounded growth and a purple tinge.

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31
Q

What do farmers do to increase plant growth and crop yield?

A

Farmers use fertiliser/manure which contains:
• Nitrate –> nitrogen.
• Phosphate –> phosphorus.
• Some magnesium.

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32
Q

What is the function of the petal?

A

Large and powerful to attract pollinators.

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33
Q

What is the function of the anther?

A

Contains pollen grains.

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34
Q

What is the function of the ovule?

A

Will become seeds when it is fertilised.

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35
Q

What is the function of the filament?

A

Hold the anthers in place.

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36
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

Where the ovules are.

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37
Q

What is the function of the receptacle?

A

Hold in place the main parts of the flower.

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38
Q

What is the function of the stigma?

A

A sticky surface for pollen to land on.

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39
Q

What is the function of the sepal?

A

Protected the flower when it was in bud.

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40
Q

What is the function of the style?

A

Provides a path from the stigma to the ovary for the pollen.

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41
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.

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42
Q

What is insect pollination?

A

Pollination by insects.

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43
Q

What is wind pollination?

A

Pollination by wind.

44
Q

What is self pollination?

A

Pollination from flower onto flower on same plant.

45
Q

What is cross pollination?

A

Pollination from flower onto flower on different plant.

46
Q

How do the petals differ in a wind versus insect pollinated flower?

A
  • Insect pollinated - usually large and brightly coloured.

* Wind pollinated - small and green.

47
Q

How does the stamen differ in a wind versus insect pollinated flower?

A
  • Insect pollinated - held within the flower.

* Wind pollinated - dangles out of the flower.

48
Q

How does the scent differ in a wind versus insect pollinated flower?

A
  • Insect pollinated - scent is present to attract pollinators.
  • Wind pollinated - no scent present.
49
Q

How do the anthers differ in a wind versus insect pollinated flower?

A
  • Insect pollinated - positioned within the flower.

* Wind pollinated - held outside the flower so wind blows pollen away.

50
Q

How do the flowers differ in a wind versus insect pollinated flower?

A
  • Insect pollinated - in any position on plant.

* Wind pollinated - close to the top of the plant so pollen can be blown off.

51
Q

How does the stigma differ in a wind versus insect pollinated flower?

A
  • Insect pollinated - usually solid shape with 3-5 lobes.

* Wind pollinated - feathery to catch as much pollen as possible.

52
Q

How does the pollen differ in a wind versus insect pollinated flower?

A
  • Insect pollinated - small amount (as it is easily transferred to animal) and sticky.
  • Wind pollinated - large amount (as much is lost in the wind) and light.
53
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The fusion of male and female gametes.

54
Q

What happens during fertilisation of plants?

A
  • The pollen grain lands on the stigma.
  • The pollen grain develops a pollen tube which grows down the style and makes its way towards the ovary.
  • The nucleus of the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube.
  • The pollen nucleus reaches the ovary and fuses with the nucleus of the ovule.
  • The fertilised ovule develops into seeds containing the plant embryos.
55
Q

What happens to the ovary wall?

A

It sometimes develops into a fleshy fruit (e.g. tomato) or a hard covering (e.g. coconut) which surrounds the seeds.

56
Q

What’s the role of the seed?

A

Embryo and food store.

57
Q

What’s the role of the fruit?

A

Fruit helps with seed disposal (e.g. fruit is eaten by animals).

58
Q

Why do the seeds need to be dispersed?

A

The new plants then have enough space, light and water.

59
Q

What are the different seed dispersal by animal types?

A
  • Hitch hikers - hooks which catch onto animal coats (e.g. cleavers).
  • Take-aways - seeds get carried away and buried (e.g. nuts).
  • Juicy fruits - get eaten and excreted (e.g. berries).
60
Q

What are the different seed dispersal by wind types?

A
  • Helicopters - wings hep seed fly away (e.g. sycamore).

* Parachutes - catch the wind (e.g. dandelion).

61
Q

What is the seed dispersal by water type?

A

• Boats - light and waterproof (e.g. coconuts).

62
Q

What are the different seed dispersal by the plant itself types?

A
  • Pepperpods - shaken by wind so seeds fall out (e.g. poppy seeds).
  • Exploders - pods dry and flick seeds out (e.g. bean pods).
63
Q

What is germination?

A

The development of a plant from a dormant seed.

64
Q

What happens during germination?

A
  • Seed takes in water.
  • Food store breaks down and is used for growth.
  • First root and first leaves appear.
  • Seedling starts to grow.
65
Q

What conditions are necessary for germination?

A

• Water - rehydrates the seed.
• Temperature - allows enzymes to work better (the enzymes break down food store and are involved in respiration.
• Oxygen - allows respiration to occur (energy for growth).
(• light)

66
Q

Why are there these conditions for germination?

A

When the food store is broken down and starch is converted into glucose - energy is released for plant growth, which is done through respiration.

67
Q

What happens in a leaf when it is destarched?

A
  • There is no starch in the leaf.
  • One makes the leaf use up all the starch, by putting it in darkness - all the starch turns into glucose and is used up for respiration.
68
Q

How does one remove the green pigment in leaf cells safely?

A
  • Put it in boiling water for 30 seconds.
  • Make sure there are no naked flames.
  • Boil the ethanol in a water bath.
69
Q

What happens to the stomata in the morning when the leaf is exposed to bright light.

A

The stomata open as they can then let oxygen out and carbon dioxide in so gas exchange can be done efficiently (function of stomata is gas exchange) - bright light in the morning is a good environment for photosynthesis.

70
Q

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A 
• Carbon dioxide concentration.
• Water availability.
• Light availability.
• Temperature.
=limiting factors
71
Q

What happens to a plant when the temperature is increased?

A
  • At first the rate of photosynthesis increases because there is more kinetic energy and therefore more substrate collisions.
  • When the temperature gets too high (above around 40ºC) the rate of photosynthesis drops because the enzymes involved denature.
72
Q

How can one tell from a picture of a lily whether a flower pollinates itself or not?

A

If the anther and stigma are not near each other - the plant will not self-pollinate.

73
Q

What is are advantage and disadvantage of self-pollination compared with cross-pollination.

A
  • Advantage - no vector needed, good chance of pollination.

* Disadvantage - less variation.

74
Q

What stimulus makes the stem and leaves of a plant grow upwards?

A

Light.

75
Q

What happens during the uptake of water into the roots?

A
  • Water is taken up into root hair cells by osmosis.
  • Minerals are taken up into root hair cells by active transport.
  • Root hair cells have got many mitochondria to provide the energy for this.
  • Water and ions then diffuse from root hair cells to the xylem vessels.
76
Q

What happens during the transport of water by the xylem?

A
  • Water rises from the roots to the leaves through the xylem vessels through capillary action.
  • Water is drawn up through suction pressure.
77
Q

What happens during the evaporation of water from the leaves?

A
  • Water molecules leave xylem and enter leaf.
  • Water molecules diffuse through spongy cell layer into air spaces.
  • Water evaporates through stomata into surrounding air.
  • Some water does not evaporate and is used for photosynthesis.
78
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The evaporation of water through the stomata.

79
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of transpiration.

A
  • Advantage - drives water transport to leaves for photosythesis.
  • Disadvantage - water loss.
80
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

Uninterrupted stream of water which is taken up by the roots, transported via xylem to leaves, where it will evaporate.

81
Q

How is transpiration controlled by the stomata?

A
  • The stoma open when water moves into guard cell vacuoles by osmosis - if the plant senses an increase in levels of light/temperature/CO₂, it will send water to make guard cells turgid (filled with water) and open stomata.
  • If the guard cells are flaccid (not filled with water), the stoma will be closed.
82
Q

What is the principle of transpiration?

A

+ allow photosynthesis

- prevent water loss

83
Q

How will an increase in light intensity affect transpiration?

A

Transpiration will increase, as more photosynthesis means that the stomata need to stay open.

84
Q

What collective name is given to the male and female parts of a flower?

A
  • Male - stamen (anther and filament).

* Female - carpel (stigma, style, ovary and ovule).

85
Q

How will an increase in temperature affect transpiration?

A

Transpiration will increase, as evaporation increases - the stomata will stay closed if it’s too hot.

86
Q

How will an increase in humidity affect transpiration?

A

Transpiration will decrease, as the concentration gradient is lower, less evaporation - stomata will open.

87
Q

How will an increase in wind speed affect transpiration?

A

Transpiration will increase, as there is faster air movement which removes the water vapour - stomata will close.

88
Q

How do plants prevent too much water loss?

A
  • Closing of stomata.
  • Waxy cuticle.
  • Stomata only open on the bottom of the leaf (bottom side is cooler - less evaporation).
  • Wilting - less water is sucked up.
89
Q

How can transpiration be measured and what are the steps?

A
  • Potometer.
  • Set up a potometer with a freshly cut shoot in the open end of a tube.
  • Seal two rubber bungs of either side of the tube with vaseline to prevent evaporation from the potometer.
  • Water will move up the plant and evaporate via the stomata - air bubbles will move along the scale.
  • The scale gives a measure of water absorbed by the plant over time - transpiration rate.
90
Q

What is the name of the response of a plant to light?

A

Phototropism

91
Q

What is the name of the response of a plant to gravity?

A

Geotropism

92
Q

What is the name of the response of a plant to water?

A

Hydrotropism

93
Q

What is the name of the response of a plant to touch?

A

Thigmotropism

94
Q

How do the shoots and roots respond to light?

A
  • Shoots grow away from the direction of gravity (positive phototropism).
  • Roots mostly do not respond or grow away from light (negative phototropism).
95
Q

How do the shoots and roots respond to gravity?

A
  • Shoots grow away from gravity (positive geotropism).

* Roots grow towards direction of gravity (negative geotropism).

96
Q

What is auxin and how does it control tropism?

A
  • Auxin is a hormone in plants which is responsible for tropism.
  • Produced in the tip of the shoot.
  • Diffuses from the tip to the shoot.
  • Destroyed by light.
  • Accumulates on the shady side and causes cell elongation and the shoot bends towards the light.
97
Q

What can be used to detect gravity as a stimulus for tropism?

A

Clinostat.

98
Q

Why do people only show symptoms of hay fever at certain times of the year?

A
  • Flowers appear/reproduce at different times.

* Flowers release pollen at different times.

99
Q

How is the excretory product of photosynthesis removed from the leaf?

A

Oxygen diffuses across a concentration gradient out of the stomata.

100
Q

Why do some plants lose their leaves in cooler months?

A
  • To reduce water loss.
  • There is less photosynthesis.
  • To conserve energy.
  • There is too little light.
101
Q

What are the events which follow pollination and lead to seed formation?

A
  • Pollen tube forms and the pollen grain grows down the style.
  • The pollen grain enters the ovule.
  • The pollen grain nucleus fuses with a female gamete (ovum).
  • The ovule becomes a seed.
  • The ovary wall forms the seed coat.
  • The ovary forms a fruit.
102
Q

What factors affect the rate of water loss on a leaf?

A
  • Humidity.
  • Light.
  • Surface area / size of leaf.
  • Thickness of leaf.
  • The number of stomata on a leaf.
  • The size of the stomata on a leaf.
  • Wind.
  • Light intensity.
  • Temperature.
103
Q

What are the disadvantages of a plant closing its stomata?

A
  • Less carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
  • Less glucose/starch (from photosynthesis).
  • Less cooling (transport of water/mineral ions).
104
Q

What are the conditions to successfully grow large numbers of algae (microorganisms that can carry out photosynthesis).

A
  • Sunlight.
  • Carbon dioxide.
  • Warm temperature for enzymes.
  • Magnesium for chlorophyll.
  • Nitrates for amino acids.
  • Many other minerals/salts (e.g. phosphates).
105
Q

What are the different colours that hydrogen-carbonate can be?

A
  • Normal levels of carbon dioxide - orange.
  • Increased levels of carbon dioxide - yellow.
  • Decreased levels of carbon dioxide - purple.
106
Q

Are there more stomata on the top or the bottom of a leaf?

A

Plants in general have fewer stomata on the top of their leaf - to reduce water loss by evaporation.

Biology - Lizzie (20 decks)

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