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Biology - Lizzie > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the integrator?

A

It compares the data from receptor and stored set point data and gives instructions to effector

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2
Q

What is the set point?

A

The ideal/normal value of the variable

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3
Q

What is the response?

A

Corrective change that brings the variable back to set point

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4
Q

What is the receptor?

A

A sensor that detects the change in the variable

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5
Q

What is the variable?

A

The characteristic that is controlled

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6
Q

What is the effector?

A

It brings about a corrective change

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7
Q

What is the stimulus?

A

A change in the variable

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8
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A mechanism that counteracts and stops further responses

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9
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

The ability of the body to keep its temperature within certain boundaries (ward blooded organisms only)

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10
Q

What is hyperthermia?

A

When the body temperature increases significantly above 37°C

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11
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

When the body temperature decreases significantly bellow 37°C

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12
Q

Mechanism of thermoregulation

A

Stimulus - body temperature is too hot/cold
Receptor(s) - receptors in the skin measure skin temperature
Sensor - sensors in the brain measure the core body temperature by measuring the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain
Effector - skin (rest of the body)
Integrator - thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus

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13
Q

Dermis

A

Makes new epidermis at the top and contains all the nerves, blood vessels, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair roots.

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14
Q

Epidermis

A

The outside of your skin. The top layer is dead and provides protection from dirt, germs and strong sunlight. The middle layer contains living cells. The bottom layer divides continually to provide new cells for the epidermis.

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15
Q

Hair

A

Made from keratin (protein).

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16
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Produces oily substance called sebum which makes the skin waterproof, prevents it from drying out and acts as a mild antiseptic to destroy fungi and bacteria.

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17
Q

Sensory nerves

A

Help you feel pain, pressure or temperature.

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18
Q

Skin arterioles

A

Supply skin capillaries with oxygenated blood.

19
Q

Skin capillaries

A

Provide food and oxygen to the skin cells.

20
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Fatty tissue. Helps you keep warm and protects your organs and bones from injury.

21
Q

Sweat duct

A

For transport of sweat from sweat gland to the sweat pore.

22
Q

Sweat glands

A

Produces sweat which contains 99.5% water, 0.25% urea and 0.25% sodium chloride.

23
Q

Sweat pore

A

For sweat to come out.

24
Q

Hair erector muscle

A

Muscle that can pull up hair.

25
Q

What are the responses when it’s too hot?

A
  • Hairs lie flat so more heat is lost by radiation.
  • Arterioles in skin widen (vasodilator). They allow more blood to flow through capillaries in skin surface so more heat is lost by radiation.
  • Sweat glands open. The sweat evaporates and this cools you down.
26
Q

What are the responses when it’s too cold?

A
  • The hair erector muscles contract pulling the hair up. This traps air which is a poor conductor of heat and so less heat is lost.
  • Arterioles in skin surface contract (vasoconstrict). Less blood flows into the capillaries on the skin surface so less heat is lost by radiation.
  • Sweat glands close and less sweat is produced.
  • Shivering.
  • General increase in metabolic activity.
27
Q

The core temperature of the body has to be maintained at a temperature a which…

A

enzymes work best.

28
Q

What controls the body temperature?

A

Thermoregulatory centre

29
Q

Where is the thermoregulatory centre?

A

Brain - it has receptors that are sensitive to the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain.

30
Q

What is hyperglycemia and what influences it?

A
  • When there is too much glucose in the blood.

* Glucose in food and drink is absorbed into blood.

31
Q

Why is it important not to have too much glucose in blood?

A
  • water diffuses out of cells into blood by osmosis
  • water is excreted in urine
  • dehydration
  • coma and death
32
Q

What is hypoglycaemia and what influences it?

A
  • Too little glucose in blood.

* Glucose is taken out of blood into cells for use in respiration.

33
Q

Why is it important not to have too little glucose in the blood?

A
  • not enough glucose for respiration
  • inadequate energy supply for brain cells
  • coma and death
34
Q

What organ helps to regulate blood glucose levels?

A

Pancreas

35
Q

What happens if the level of sugar in the blood stream falls?

A

The pancreas releases glucagon into the blood stream.

36
Q

What happens if the levels of sugar in the blood stream rise?

A

The pancreas secrets insulin into the blood.

37
Q

High blood sugar level system

A

Stimulus- blood glucose levels too high
Receptor- receptors in pancreas
Integrator- pancreas secretes insulin into blood stream
Effector- insulin binds to receptors on muscle and liver cells
Response- liver and muscle cells take up glucose and convert it into glycogen for storage -> blood glucose levels drop
Negative feedback- when blood glucose levels drop, pancreas senses this and stops secreting insulin.

38
Q

Low blood sugar level system

A

Stimulus- blood glucose levels too low
Receptor- receptors in pancreas
Integrator- pancreas secretes glucagon into blood stream
Effector- glucagon binds to receptors on muscle and liver cells
Response- liver and muscle cells convert glycogen into glucose and release it into blood stream -> blood glucose levels rise
Negative feedback- when blood glucose levels rise, pancreas senses this and stops secreting insulin.

39
Q

What is type 1 diabetes and what causes it?

A
  • the pancreas cannot produce insulin well enough

* body’s immune system attacking insulin producing cells

40
Q

What is type 2 diabetes and what causes it?

A
  • the body cannot use insulin effectively
  • the muscle cells are resistant to insulin
  • obesity + inheritance can cause it
41
Q

What is homestasis?

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment of the body deposits changes in the external environment

42
Q

Why do cells not store glucose?

A

• Glucose molecules are soluble, glycogen is insoluble so it can’t leave the cell easily and water can’t enter the cells via osmosis.

43
Q

If your body temperature rises too high, why might you die?

A

If the temperature rises too high, the enzymes can’t work very well, which will affect the reactions in the body.

Biology - Lizzie (20 decks)

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