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Biology - Lizzie > Cells and Transport > Flashcards

Cells and Transport Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Control centre, contains genetic information

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1
Q

What’s the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Liquid gel in which most of the chemical reactions take place.

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2
Q

What’s the function of the cell membrane?

A

Semi-permeable controls movement of material in and out of cell.

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3
Q

What’s the function of the cell wall?

A

Support and protection of plant cell.

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4
Q

What’s the function of mitochondrion?

A

‘Powerhouse’ of the cell (produces ATP by respiration)

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5
Q

What’s the function of the ribosome?

A

Production of proteins.

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6
Q

What’s the function of the chloroplast?

A

Uses energy to make food by photosynthesis.

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7
Q

What’s the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Stores food, water and waste in plants.

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8
Q

What’s the function of the lysosomes?

A

Special type of vacuole that breaks down old cell parts and large molecules.

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9
Q

What’s the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

Transport of chemicals and proteins within cells.

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10
Q

What’s the function of the Golgi?

A

Modifies proteins to make them functional and transports proteins within cells.

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11
Q

What’s the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Support structure within cells (skeleton) and made of proteins.

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12
Q

What’s an organ?

A

Collection of tissues that perform a specific function within an organism.

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13
Q

What’s an organism?

A

A living being.

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14
Q

What’s an organelle?

A

A functional structure within a cell.

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15
Q

What’s an organ system?

A

A collection of organs that perform a specific function within an organism.

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16
Q

What’s a tissue?

A

A collection of connected cells that perform a similar function within an organism.

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17
Q

What’s a cell?

A

The structural unit of an organism may exist as independent life.

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18
Q

Nerve cell function

A

Transmits nervous stimuli.

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19
Q

Nerve cell adaption

A 
Synapses and neurotransmitter. 
Can be very long. 
Myelin sheath (insulation).
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20
Q

Ciliated cell function.

A

e.g. Clears airways.

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21
Q

Ciliated cell adaptation

A

Cilia that beat backwards and forwards to move material.

e.g. Sweep mucus with trapped dust and bacteria along to throat.

22
Q

Sperm cell function

A

Fertilisation of egg

23
Q

Adaptation of sperm cell

A

Small with tail for movement.
Lots of mitochondria.
Acrosome with enzymes to digest egg membrane.
Genetic information (23 chromosomes)

24
Q

Egg cell function

A

Fertilisation

25
Q

Egg cell adaptation

A 
Large and bulky. 
Contains yolk (food strorage) for developing embryo. 
Genetic information (23 chromosomes)
26
Q

Red blood cell function

A

Transport of oxygen

27
Q

Red blood cell adaptation

A

No nucleus (more space for haemoglobin).
Biconcave shape.
Contains haemoglobin which binds oxygen.

28
Q

White blood cell function

A

Destroys pathogens

29
Q

White blood cell adaptation

A

Some produce antibodies.

Some have flexible cytoskeleton so that they can change shape quickly to engulf bacteria.

30
Q

Muscle cell function

A

Contraction

31
Q

Muscle cell adaptation

A

Long and flexible.

Lots of mitochondria.

32
Q

Palisade cell function

A

Photosynthesis

33
Q

Palisade cell adaptation

A

Lots of chloroplasts

Tightly packed, elongated.

34
Q

Root hair cell function

A

Uptake of water and minerals.

35
Q

Root hair cell adaptation

A

Have root hairs (increases surface area)
Large permanent vacuole.
Close to xylem (water transport)

36
Q

Guard cell function

A

Control opening of stomata

37
Q

Guard cell adaptation

A

Take up and release water by osmosis to open and close stomata.
Thickened cell wall.

38
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • the movement of gases or dissolved molecules from an area of high concentration an area with low concentration
  • the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient
39
Q

Cell membranes are…

A

selectively permeable - oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids and ions can go through, not starch or proteins

40
Q

The larger the concentration gradient, the…

A

the faster the rate of diffusion

41
Q

The larger the surface area, the…

A

the faster the rate of diffusion

42
Q

The smaller the diffusion distance, the…

A

the faster the rate of diffusion

43
Q

The hotter the temperature, the…

A

the faster the rate of diffusion, as the molecules have more kinetic energy

44
Q

What is osmosis?

A

• the movement of water molecules from an area of high water/low solute concentration to an area of low water/high solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

45
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

Same concentration

46
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Lower concentration

47
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

Higher concentration

48
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from high to low concentration with the help of a channel or carrier protein

49
Q

What is passive transport?

A

The movement of molecules through cell membranes down a concentration gradient without the use of energy by the cell (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis)

50
Q

What is active transport across membranes?

A

The movement of molecules though all membranes against a concentration gradient at the cost of energy and with help of a carrier protein

51
Q

When water enters plant cells by diffusion they become…

A

Turgid

53
Q

How do vaccinations provide protection from further infection?

A

• Vaccinations result in the making of memory cells, which enable future antibody production to the pathogen to occur much more quickly.

54
Q

What are two differences between osmosis and diffusion?

A
  • Osmosis only refers to the movement of water molecules, whereas diffusion can refer to the movement of any type of molecule.
  • Osmosis always happens across a selectively permeable membrane, whereas diffusion can take place without the presence of a selectively permeable membrane.

Biology - Lizzie (20 decks)

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