Cells and Transport

Question 0

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 0

Control centre, contains genetic information

Question 1

What’s the function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 1

Liquid gel in which most of the chemical reactions take place.

Question 2

What’s the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 2

Semi-permeable controls movement of material in and out of cell.

Question 3

What’s the function of the cell wall?

Answer 3

Support and protection of plant cell.

Question 4

What’s the function of mitochondrion?

Answer 4

‘Powerhouse’ of the cell (produces ATP by respiration)

Question 5

What’s the function of the ribosome?

Answer 5

Production of proteins.

Question 6

What’s the function of the chloroplast?

Answer 6

Uses energy to make food by photosynthesis.

Question 7

What’s the function of the permanent vacuole?

Answer 7

Stores food, water and waste in plants.

Question 8

What’s the function of the lysosomes?

Answer 8

Special type of vacuole that breaks down old cell parts and large molecules.

Question 9

What’s the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Answer 9

Transport of chemicals and proteins within cells.

Question 10

What’s the function of the Golgi?

Answer 10

Modifies proteins to make them functional and transports proteins within cells.

Question 11

What’s the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 11

Support structure within cells (skeleton) and made of proteins.

Question 12

What’s an organ?

Answer 12

Collection of tissues that perform a specific function within an organism.

Question 13

What’s an organism?

Answer 13

A living being.

Question 14

What’s an organelle?

Answer 14

A functional structure within a cell.

Question 15

What’s an organ system?

Answer 15

A collection of organs that perform a specific function within an organism.

Question 16

What’s a tissue?

Answer 16

A collection of connected cells that perform a similar function within an organism.

Question 17

What’s a cell?

Answer 17

The structural unit of an organism may exist as independent life.

Question 18

Nerve cell function

Answer 18

Transmits nervous stimuli.

Question 19

Nerve cell adaption

Answer 19

Synapses and neurotransmitter. 
Can be very long. 
Myelin sheath (insulation).

Question 20

Ciliated cell function.

Answer 20

e.g. Clears airways.

Question 21

Ciliated cell adaptation

Answer 21

Cilia that beat backwards and forwards to move material.

e.g. Sweep mucus with trapped dust and bacteria along to throat.

Question 22

Sperm cell function

Answer 22

Fertilisation of egg

Question 23

Adaptation of sperm cell

Answer 23

Small with tail for movement.
Lots of mitochondria.
Acrosome with enzymes to digest egg membrane.
Genetic information (23 chromosomes)

Question 24

Egg cell function

Answer 24

Fertilisation

Question 25

Egg cell adaptation

Answer 25

``` Large and bulky. Contains yolk (food strorage) for developing embryo. Genetic information (23 chromosomes) ```

Question 26

Red blood cell function

Answer 26

Transport of oxygen

Question 27

Red blood cell adaptation

Answer 27

No nucleus (more space for haemoglobin). Biconcave shape. Contains haemoglobin which binds oxygen.

Question 28

White blood cell function

Answer 28

Destroys pathogens

Question 29

White blood cell adaptation

Answer 29

Some produce antibodies. | Some have flexible cytoskeleton so that they can change shape quickly to engulf bacteria.

Question 30

Muscle cell function

Answer 30

Contraction

Question 31

Muscle cell adaptation

Answer 31

Long and flexible. | Lots of mitochondria.

Question 32

Palisade cell function

Answer 32

Photosynthesis

Question 33

Palisade cell adaptation

Answer 33

Lots of chloroplasts | Tightly packed, elongated.

Question 34

Root hair cell function

Answer 34

Uptake of water and minerals.

Question 35

Root hair cell adaptation

Answer 35

Have root hairs (increases surface area) Large permanent vacuole. Close to xylem (water transport)

Question 36

Guard cell function

Answer 36

Control opening of stomata

Question 37

Guard cell adaptation

Answer 37

Take up and release water by osmosis to open and close stomata. Thickened cell wall.

Question 38

What is diffusion?

Answer 38

* the movement of gases or dissolved molecules from an area of high concentration an area with low concentration * the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient

Question 39

Cell membranes are...

Answer 39

selectively permeable - oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids and ions can go through, not starch or proteins

Question 40

The larger the concentration gradient, the...

Answer 40

the faster the rate of diffusion

Question 41

The larger the surface area, the...

Answer 41

the faster the rate of diffusion

Question 42

The smaller the diffusion distance, the...

Answer 42

the faster the rate of diffusion

Question 43

The hotter the temperature, the...

Answer 43

the faster the rate of diffusion, as the molecules have more kinetic energy

Question 44

What is osmosis?

Answer 44

• the movement of water molecules from an area of high water/low solute concentration to an area of low water/high solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 45

What does isotonic mean?

Answer 45

Same concentration

Question 46

What does hypotonic mean?

Answer 46

Lower concentration

Question 47

What does hypertonic mean?

Answer 47

Higher concentration

Question 48

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 48

The movement of molecules from high to low concentration with the help of a channel or carrier protein

Question 49

What is passive transport?

Answer 49

The movement of molecules through cell membranes down a concentration gradient without the use of energy by the cell (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis)

Question 50

What is active transport across membranes?

Answer 50

The movement of molecules though all membranes against a concentration gradient at the cost of energy and with help of a carrier protein

Question 51

When water enters plant cells by diffusion they become...

Answer 51

Turgid

Question 53

How do vaccinations provide protection from further infection?

Answer 53

• Vaccinations result in the making of memory cells, which enable future antibody production to the pathogen to occur much more quickly.

Question 54

What are two differences between osmosis and diffusion?

Answer 54

* Osmosis only refers to the movement of water molecules, whereas diffusion can refer to the movement of any type of molecule. * Osmosis always happens across a selectively permeable membrane, whereas diffusion can take place without the presence of a selectively permeable membrane.