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Biology - Lizzie > Inheritance > Flashcards

Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Thread-like structure found in nucleus and made of DNA

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2
Q

What’s DNA?

A

Double-helix molecule

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3
Q

What’s a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes (contains information for making a protein)

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4
Q

What are somatic chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that aren’t sex chromosomes

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5
Q

What is a protein?

A

A chain of amino acids

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6
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that determine gender

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7
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that carry the same genes and form a pair

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8
Q

What is the result of mitosis?

A

Two genetically identical cells

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9
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

Growth and repair

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10
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A special type of cell division by which gametes (sex cells) are made

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11
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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12
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

1 set of chromosomes

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13
Q

What is the result of meiosis?

A

Four genetically different haploid cells (with only 23 chromosomes)

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14
Q

Where does meiosis take place?

A

In testes and ovaries

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15
Q

How many cells are produced in mitosis and meiosis?

A
  • Mitosis - 2

* Meiosis - 4

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16
Q

What is variation?

A

Small differences between members of the same species

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17
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Differences caused by genes inherited from parents

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18
Q

What is environmental variation?

A

Differences caused by the environment

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19
Q

What is an allele?

A

A version of a gene

20
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

Only 1 copy is necessary for characteristic to be shown

21
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

2 recessive alleles are needed (no dominant allele present) for characteristics to be shown

22
Q

What is the genotype?

A

The genetic makeup, i.e. which alleles are present

23
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Having 2 identical alleles

24
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Having 2 different alleles

25
Q

What is the phenotype?

A

The characteristic that is shown

26
Q

What does co-dominance mean?

A

Both alleles contribute to the phenotype, so that both characteristics are present at the same time

27
Q

What is a carrier?

A

When someone has one recessive allele but doesn’t show the phenotype

28
Q

What are mutations?

A

Changes in the DNA

29
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

An agent that causes mutations

30
Q

What are genetic diseases?

A

A condition or illness caused by mutations in genes or chromosomes

31
Q

What holds the chromatids together?

A

Centromere

32
Q

How is genetically engineered insulin is produced?

A
  • Human cells contain a gene for making insulin.
  • DNA is extracted from human cells.
  • The insulin gene is cut out from DNA using a restriction enzyme.
  • Bacteria cells contain short circular pieces of DNA called plasmids.
  • The plasmid is extracted and cut using the same restriction enzyme.
  • The enzyme DNA ligase is used to join the ends of the insulin gene and the plasmid create recombinant DNA.
  • The plasmid holding the insulin gene functions as a vector and is used to transfer the insulin gene into bacteria.
  • The transgenic bacteria reproduce and start making insulin protein.
  • The insulin protein can be isolated and purified.
33
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A short circular piece of DNA found in bacterial cells

34
Q

What is a restriction enzyme?

A

Enzyme that cuts DNA molecules at specific points

35
Q

What is DNA ligase?

A

Enzyme that joints cut ends of DNA molecules

36
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

DNA that has been created from different sources

37
Q

What is a vector?

A

The means of transferring DNA into an organism (e.g. a plasmid or a virus)

38
Q

What is a transgenic organism

A

An organism whose DNA has been genetically altered

39
Q

What are totipotent stem cells?

A
  • Can form any cell type.

* From day 1 - day 5 of a zygote

40
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A
  • Can develop into most cells types

* From 1 week

41
Q

What are multipotent stem cells?

A
  • Can develop into some cell types

* From foetus to adult

42
Q

Cuttings

A
  • Remove a small part (stem or leaf) of the parent plant.

* Plant cutting into soul; it will then grow into a new plant.

43
Q

Micropropogation

A
  • Take a few cells/very small parts from the plant (=explants).
  • Put them into culture medium (with nutrients and growth hormones).
  • Grow into a callus and from that into a new plant.
44
Q

Why does plant cloning work?

A
  • Plants contain many meristem cells, which continuously divide by mitosis.
  • Meristem cells are. Totipotent and can differentiate into all kinds of other plant tissues.
45
Q

What are the advantages of reproducing transgenic (genetically modified) sheep by cloning?

A
  • Ensures that all sheep are genetically identical.
  • Ensures all sheep have the gene for the characteristic (e.g. producing clotting agent).
  • More clotting agent is produced.
  • More sheep are produced.
  • Genetic modification of the animals does not have to be repeated.

Biology - Lizzie (20 decks)

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