Immunity Flashcards
Which is the order of size of viruses and bacteria?
Viruses are smaller than bacteria.
What is the structure of bacteria?
- single-celled
- have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm ad plasmids
- no nucleus
- contain a circular chromosome of DNA
What is the structure of protoctista?
- single-celled
- some have features similar to animal cells, other have features like plant cells
- contain a nucleus
What is the structure of viruses?
- not made up of cells
- have a protein coat containing genetic material
- have one type of nuceic acid (either DNA or RNA)
- made from thread-like structues called hyphae
How do bacteria get their energy?
Either by feeding off other living/dead organisms or by carrying out photosynthesis.
How do viruses reproduce?
Only possible inside other living (host) cells - parasitically.
What are some examples of bacteria?
- Lactobacillus bulgaricus (used to make yoghurt from milk).
- Pneumococcus (acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia).
What are some examples of protoctista?
- Amoeba (live in pond water).
- Chlorella.
- Plasmodium (causes malaria).
What are some examples of viruses?
- Tobacco mosaic virus (discolours the leaves of tobacco plants by preventing the formation of chloroplasts).
- Influenza (causes ‘flu’).
- HIV virus (causes AIDS).
What are the different types of pathogens?
Fungi, bacteria, viruses and protoctista.
How do fungi get their energy?
Secretes enzymes to breakdown starch into glucose which then is diffused into the fungi - saprotrophic.
How do phagocytes help to protect the body against disease?
Phagocytes engulf pathogens and release enzymes which digest and destroy the pathogen.
How do lymphocytes help to protect the body against disease?
- Lymphocytes have antibodies which bind to antigens on the surface of pathogens. Different lymphocytes produce different types of antibodies specific for a particular antigen.
- Lymphocytes meet pathogens and reproduce quickly to bind many copies of the antibodies to the pathogen.
- Sometimes a lymphocyte will produce antitoxins which neutralise the action of toxins (released by bacteria and some viruses and can cause illness).
Draw and label a phagocyte
How does blot clot?
Platelets (tiny cells in the blood) prevent blood loss by forming a scab to help clot the blood.
How does vaccination help with immunity in the body?
- Antigens of a pathogen are injected into the body.
- The vaccination triggers lymphocytes to produce antibodies.
- Memory cells are made.
- Upon reinfection, the body (with the help of memory cells) can immediately recognise the antigen to quickly produce many more antibodies.
When making beer using yeast, why would tjere be oil on the surface of the yeast and glucose mixture?
To prevent any oxygen getting in and ensure that the respiration was anaerobic.
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast (fermentation)?
glucose → carbon dioxide and alcohol
What is the word equation for anaerobic respirayion in Lactobacillus bacteria (lactic fermentation)?
lactose (milk energy) → lactic acid
How can one produce large quantities of microorganisms (at a factory scale)?
industrial fermenter
What does each letter of the diagram represent?
a) motor
b) cooling jacket
c) paddles
d) temperature recorder
e) cooling water in
f) air out
g) cooling water in
h) air filter
i)
In an industrial fermenter why are there paddles to stir the mixture?
So that everything is mixed evenly and the temperature and pH are constant throughout the mixture.
What factors need to be controlled in an industrial fermenter?
temperature and pH
Why is oxygen pumped into an industrial fermenter?
So that the microorganisms can respire and release energy for their growth.
