Energy Flow Flashcards

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1
Q

What does population mean?

A

All of the organisms of a particular species found in an ecosystem.

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2
Q

What does community mean?

A

All the different species living in an ecosystem.

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3
Q

What does habitat mean?

A

A place within an ecosystem where specific organisms live.

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4
Q

What does ecosystem mean?

A

A self-supporting system of organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment.

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5
Q

What is a producer?

A

An organism that can make its own food.

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6
Q

What is a primary consumer?

A

An organism that gets its energy by feeding on producers.

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7
Q

What is a secondary consumer?

A

An organism that gets its energy by feeding on primary consumers.

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8
Q

What is a tertiary consumer?

A

An organism that gets its energy by feeding on secondary consumers.

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9
Q

What is a decomposer

A

An organism that decomposes organic material (e.g. microorganism).

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10
Q

What is a top carnivore?

A

An organisms that has no natural predators.

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11
Q

Why is it an advantage for an animal to feed on more than one type of organism?

A
  • The animal can feed in different seasons.
  • The animal has less competition for food and is less likely to die of starvation.
  • The animal has a balanced diet.
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12
Q

Why are there rarely more than five trophic levels?

A
• Energy is always lost in ways such as:
- movement
- respiration
- excretion
- egestion
- death
• Little energy will reach the top of the food chain.
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13
Q

How can students using a quadrant to estimate population size make their results more reliable?

A
  • Make the placing of the quadrat random.
  • Use a larger number of quadrats.
  • Calculate the percentage cover.
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14
Q

What is biological control?

A

When natural predators of pests are introduced to reduce the number of pests in a farm.

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of using pesticides?

A
  • They can affect the taste of a crop / poisonous to humans.
  • Can affect other species.
  • Bioaccumulation - pesticides are stored in fatty tissue.
  • Disrupt the food chain.
  • Needs to be reapplied often.
  • Pests can develop a resistance.
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16
Q

What are the advantages of using pesticides?

A
  • They kill and destroy pests/insects.

* Increase the yield of plants by reducing the amount of crop that is eaten.

17
Q

How do insect pests affect crop yield?

A
  • Yield is reduced because the crop/leaf is eaten.
  • Less leaf, less light is trapped and less carbon dioxide is absorbed.
  • Less photosynthesis.
18
Q

What are the advantages of biological pest control compared to using pesticides?

A
  • There is no resistance developed to the pesticides - will always work.
  • No collateral damage to other species/food chains.
  • Does not need to be reintroduced every so often - longer lasting.
  • No pollution/harm to the environment.
19
Q

Why is it important for water to circulate through fish cages?

A
  • Waste can be removed (e.g. faeces, urine).
  • Oxygen can flow - no stagnation.
  • Respiration can happen all the time.
20
Q

Why do fish farmers supply small amount of food at regular intervals?

A

Less eutrophication because all the food is eaten.

21
Q

Why do fish farmers want a high food conversion efficiency?

A
  • Fish growth is larger.
  • Small amount of food provides greatest amount of weight put on.
  • Economic benefit is maximised.
22
Q

How can fish farmers reduce competition between the same species of fish?

A
  • Cage size can be increased.
  • Food supply is ensured to be sufficient.
  • Different sizes/ages of fish are separated.
23
Q

How can fish farmers reduce competition between different species?

A
  • Only one species of fish is put in each cage.

* Cages are covered using mesh or other things.

24
Q

Why are fish good sources of food for humans?

A

They contain:

  • omega 3
  • fats/fatty acids
  • protein
  • vitamin (D)
25
Q

How do fish farmers maintain water quality? (4)

A
  • Oxygen is bubbled through cages.
  • Waste, such as algae, is removed by the water being filtered/replaced.
  • Food is fed in small and regular intervals to prevent a build up of food.
  • Antibiotics / dead and ill fish removed / fungicide to prevent diseases and spread of bacteria/fungi.
26
Q

How might a fish farm harm an ecosystem?

A
  • Things such as faeces and mineral ions are released.
  • Chemicals are released.
  • Bacteria is released, which could cause oxygen depletion.
  • Diseases might affect wild fish.
  • Predators are attracted.
  • Building cages could destroy habitats.
27
Q

Why might a farmer have a fish farm instead of catching fish in the wild?

A
  • A harvest is guaranteed.
  • No need to buy a boat/employ fishers/buy nets.
  • Not dangerous.
  • Wild fish stocks are not depleted/endangered species are conserved.
  • Selective breeding can ensure a good yield.
  • All fish are the same species/health/size/age.
28
Q

How could a fish farmer increase the yield of fish?

A
  • Selective breeding to maximise yield.
  • Antibiotics can be added to prevent parasites killing fish.
  • Diet can be controlled to grow fish to their maximum size.
  • Water quality can be controlled to filter out nitrogenous water.
29
Q

Why might a species (e.g. grey squirrels) increase in number compared to another species (e.g. red squirrels)?

A
  • Fewer predators.
  • Better camouflage.
  • Better disease resistance.
  • More reproduction.
  • Better competitors.