Plant Growth and Development Flashcards
Four Basic Functions of Root System
Anchorage, Absorption, conduction and storage
Two Types of Root Systems
Fibrous and Tap Root
What are parts of plants vascular system
Xylem, phloem
Xylem
Carries nutrients and water from roots to rest of plant
Phloem
Conducts substances from other parts of plant to the roots, flowers or fruit where they are stored.
Important Storage Organs
Roots
Kudzu
Can have storage roots up to 300 lbs.
Carrots
biennials, accumulate food reserves in roots first year, second year produce flowers, fruits and seeds.
Stem Functions
Support, Conduction and Storage
Nodes
Areas on stems where leaves emerge
Internodes
spaces between nodes
Leaf Axil
Angle where each leaf joins the stem
axillary bud
compressed dormant bud, can be seen on the leaf axil. This grows vigorously after pruning and removal of terminal bud
Cambium Layer
In some plants between xylem and phloem, area of rapid cell division which forms new xylem and phloem as needed by plant
Monocotyledons
single seed leaf plants, xylem, phloem and cambium are formed in bundles scattered in a discontinuous vascular system throughout. Corn, Grass, Lilies, Orchids
Dicotyledons
Double seed leaf plants, xylem is formed on the inside and surrounded by a continuous layer of cambium with phloem o n the outside. Older layers of phloem form the bark on trees and shrubs.
Stem Modifications
Above Ground: Crown, Spur Below Ground: Rhizome, Tuber, Corm, Bulb
Bulb
Short, Conical. Stem bearing several concentric layers of fleshy leaves, essentially a large bud containing considerable accumulated food and functioning in vegetative propagation. Onion, Garlic, Tulip, Lily
Corm
Short, broad, fleshy underground stem with a vertical axis. Crocus, Gladiolus, Freesia
Tuber
A much enlarged and fleshy portion of an underground stem. Tuberous Begonia, Potato
Tuberous Root
An enlarged, fleshy underground root. Dahlia, bleeding heart, sweet potato
Rhizome
An underground stem that is usually horizontal and frequently woody or fleshy. Examples: Iris, Lily of the Valley, Inca Lily
Stolon
A horizontal and usually above ground branch or stem that roots at its nodes. Bermuda Grass, Mint, Lambs Ear
Runner
A type of stolon. Strawberry, bugle weed, strawberry, geranium
Functions of Leaves
Photosynthesis, Transpiration
Photosynthesis
Process whereby carbon dioxide (Co2) and water (H20) are transformed into sugars by the living plant cell using energy from visible light absorbed by chlorophyll.
Transpiration
Water loss through stomates on the leaf surface
Respiration
Opposite of photosynthesis. Uses oxygen to break down substances produced during photosynthesis to make carbs, proteins and amino acids. Releases energy for plant processes. Uses oxygen and carbohydrates as inputs and releases carbon dioxide and water and energy.
Two Categories of Ornamental Plants
Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Covered seed. These bloom and develop fruit which encloses the seed; oaks, maples and dogwoods
gymnosperms
Do not have true flowers or fruit. Bear their seed uncovered in cones or similar structures; spruces, pines and junipers
Sepals
Outer set of green floral leaves which enclose the other parts of the flower until these are nearly mature. Collectively the sepals comprise the calyx
Petals
Inner set of colored or white leaves. Entire set of petals is called the corolla
Stamen
Pollen-bearing organ of the plant. There can be one or more sets of stamens. Comprised of anthers supported by a filament. Anthers erupt when pollen is mature through the ruptured anther wall.
Pistil
Female part of the flower. Consists of ovule base called ovary. Ovary supports an elongated region called the style, whose expanded tip is called stigma. Mature pollen grains are deposited at the stigma. Following fertilization the ovule gives rise to the seed. The mature ovary become the fruit.
Inflorescence
Arrangement of flowers on the plant. Often used to identify plants; spike, raceme, corymb, panicle cyme
Determinate Flowers
Flowering from the top or center
Indeterminate Flowers
Flowering from the bottom or sides of the inflorescence
Self Fertile
Able to use their own pollen or pollen from another plant of the same type.
Self sterile
Must be cross-pollinated for normal seed and fruit development to occur; many cherries, apples, pears, grapes and blueberries. Must be cross-pollinated by another cultivar.
dioecious
have male and female flowers on separate plants. To produce fruit, the female plant must have a male plant or pollinator nearby; Hollies and aucuba
What are three functions of stems? What two specialized tissues make up the vascular system of the plant? Which Materials are usually conducted in each one?
Support, Conduction and Storage. The specialized tissues that make up the vascular system are Xylem and Phloem. Food moves through the phloem to root storage. Water and nutrients moves through Xylem to rest of plant.
What is the name of the tissue in dicotyledons that divides and causes the plant to grow in girth?
Cambium
What are two functions of leaves? What is an important by-product of one of these functions?
Photosynthesis and Transpiration
What causes a plant to wilt?
Water loss is greater than water intake. This can occur when roots hairs are damaged or killed due to transplanting, drought or over-watering
How does a plant leaf help keep the plant cool?
Transpiration provides mechanism for water movement through plant. Also reduces leaf temperature as water evaporating from the leaf surface helps prevent injury from excessive heat buildup.
Which two structures do angiosperms have that gymnosperms do not?
Flowers and Fruit
What are the two basic types of root systems? Which type is more difficult to transplant?
Fibrous and Tap Root. Fibrous is easier to transplant. Because taproots penetrate much deeper.
What are four structural parts of a typical flower?
Sepals: The outermost part of the flower and are usually green or leaf-like. They protect the flower during its bud stage and support the petals when the flower blooms.
Petals: Often brightly colored and are located just inside the sepals. They attract pollinators like bees, butterflies and birds to the flower. The collective group of petals is called the corolla.
Stamens: Male reproductive organs of the flower. Each stamen typically consists of a slender stalk called the filament and a pollen-producing structure called the anther at the top. Pollen grains containing male gametes (sperm cells) are produced in the anther.
Pistil (Carpel): The pistil is the female reproductive organ of the flower. It is located at the center of the flower and consists of three main parts: The stigma, the style and ovary. The stigma is often sticky or feathery to capture pollen. The style is a slender tube that connects the stigma to the ovary, which contains ovules (potential seeds).
Describe the difference between flowers and cones.
Flowers are reproductive organs of angiosperms and cones are that of gymnosperms.
What is a fruit?
Fruits originate from the ovary of a flower. After pollination the ovary develops into a fruit as the ovules inside mature into seeds.
How does a fern reproduce?
Produce spores which are reproductive units that develop on the underside of specialized leaves called sporophylls. When mature the sporangia release these spores into the air where they are carried by wind currents to new locations.
MONOCOTS
One Cotyledon on the embryo
Flower parts in threes or multiples of three
Leaves are narrow, elongated with parallel veins.
Fibrous roots that form dense network close to soil surface.
Cambium is usually lacking.
Vascular bundles are scattered rather than arranged in a ring.
Examples: Corn, Snake plant, iris, dallies
DICOTS
Two Cotyledons in the embryo
Flower parts in multiples of four or five
Leave have a netted venation
Cambium is usually present
Taproot system with primary root grows deep and secondary roots branch off.
Vascular bundles are usually arranged in a ring formation.
Examples: Bean, Viburnum, river birch, maples, roses.
