Plant Growth and Development

Question 1

Four Basic Functions of Root System

Answer 1

Anchorage, Absorption, conduction and storage

Question 2

Two Types of Root Systems

Answer 2

Fibrous and Tap Root

Question 3

What are parts of plants vascular system

Answer 3

Xylem, phloem

Question 4

Xylem

Answer 4

Carries nutrients and water from roots to rest of plant

Question 5

Phloem

Answer 5

Conducts substances from other parts of plant to the roots, flowers or fruit where they are stored.

Question 6

Important Storage Organs

Answer 6

Roots

Question 7

Kudzu

Answer 7

Can have storage roots up to 300 lbs.

Question 8

Carrots

Answer 8

biennials, accumulate food reserves in roots first year, second year produce flowers, fruits and seeds.

Question 9

Stem Functions

Answer 9

Support, Conduction and Storage

Question 10

Nodes

Answer 10

Areas on stems where leaves emerge

Question 11

Internodes

Answer 11

spaces between nodes

Question 12

Leaf Axil

Answer 12

Angle where each leaf joins the stem

Question 13

axillary bud

Answer 13

compressed dormant bud, can be seen on the leaf axil. This grows vigorously after pruning and removal of terminal bud

Question 14

Cambium Layer

Answer 14

In some plants between xylem and phloem, area of rapid cell division which forms new xylem and phloem as needed by plant

Question 15

Monocotyledons

Answer 15

single seed leaf plants, xylem, phloem and cambium are formed in bundles scattered in a discontinuous vascular system throughout. Corn, Grass, Lilies, Orchids

Question 16

Dicotyledons

Answer 16

Double seed leaf plants, xylem is formed on the inside and surrounded by a continuous layer of cambium with phloem o n the outside. Older layers of phloem form the bark on trees and shrubs.

Question 17

Stem Modifications

Answer 17

Above Ground: Crown, Spur Below Ground: Rhizome, Tuber, Corm, Bulb

Question 18

Bulb

Answer 18

Short, Conical. Stem bearing several concentric layers of fleshy leaves, essentially a large bud containing considerable accumulated food and functioning in vegetative propagation. Onion, Garlic, Tulip, Lily

Question 19

Corm

Answer 19

Short, broad, fleshy underground stem with a vertical axis. Crocus, Gladiolus, Freesia

Question 20

Tuber

Answer 20

A much enlarged and fleshy portion of an underground stem. Tuberous Begonia, Potato

Question 21

Tuberous Root

Answer 21

An enlarged, fleshy underground root. Dahlia, bleeding heart, sweet potato

Question 22

Rhizome

Answer 22

An underground stem that is usually horizontal and frequently woody or fleshy. Examples: Iris, Lily of the Valley, Inca Lily

Question 23

Stolon

Answer 23

A horizontal and usually above ground branch or stem that roots at its nodes. Bermuda Grass, Mint, Lambs Ear

Question 24

Runner

Answer 24

A type of stolon. Strawberry, bugle weed, strawberry, geranium

Question 25

Functions of Leaves

Answer 25

Photosynthesis, Transpiration

Question 26

Photosynthesis

Answer 26

Process whereby carbon dioxide (Co2) and water (H20) are transformed into sugars by the living plant cell using energy from visible light absorbed by chlorophyll.

Question 27

Transpiration

Answer 27

Water loss through stomates on the leaf surface

Question 28

Respiration

Answer 28

Opposite of photosynthesis. Uses oxygen to break down substances produced during photosynthesis to make carbs, proteins and amino acids. Releases energy for plant processes. Uses oxygen and carbohydrates as inputs and releases carbon dioxide and water and energy.

Question 29

Two Categories of Ornamental Plants

Answer 29

Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

Question 30

Angiosperms

Answer 30

Covered seed. These bloom and develop fruit which encloses the seed; oaks, maples and dogwoods

Question 31

gymnosperms

Answer 31

Do not have true flowers or fruit. Bear their seed uncovered in cones or similar structures; spruces, pines and junipers

Question 32

Sepals

Answer 32

Outer set of green floral leaves which enclose the other parts of the flower until these are nearly mature. Collectively the sepals comprise the calyx

Question 33

Petals

Answer 33

Inner set of colored or white leaves. Entire set of petals is called the corolla

Question 34

Stamen

Answer 34

Pollen-bearing organ of the plant. There can be one or more sets of stamens. Comprised of anthers supported by a filament. Anthers erupt when pollen is mature through the ruptured anther wall.

Question 35

Pistil

Answer 35

Female part of the flower. Consists of ovule base called ovary. Ovary supports an elongated region called the style, whose expanded tip is called stigma. Mature pollen grains are deposited at the stigma. Following fertilization the ovule gives rise to the seed. The mature ovary become the fruit.

Question 36

Inflorescence

Answer 36

Arrangement of flowers on the plant. Often used to identify plants; spike, raceme, corymb, panicle cyme

Question 37

Determinate Flowers

Answer 37

Flowering from the top or center

Question 38

Indeterminate Flowers

Answer 38

Flowering from the bottom or sides of the inflorescence

Question 39

Self Fertile

Answer 39

Able to use their own pollen or pollen from another plant of the same type.

Question 40

Self sterile

Answer 40

Must be cross-pollinated for normal seed and fruit development to occur; many cherries, apples, pears, grapes and blueberries. Must be cross-pollinated by another cultivar.

Question 41

dioecious

Answer 41

have male and female flowers on separate plants. To produce fruit, the female plant must have a male plant or pollinator nearby; Hollies and aucuba

Question 42

What are three functions of stems? What two specialized tissues make up the vascular system of the plant? Which Materials are usually conducted in each one?

Answer 42

Support, Conduction and Storage. The specialized tissues that make up the vascular system are Xylem and Phloem. Food moves through the phloem to root storage. Water and nutrients moves through Xylem to rest of plant.

Question 43

What is the name of the tissue in dicotyledons that divides and causes the plant to grow in girth?

Answer 43

Cambium

Question 44

What are two functions of leaves? What is an important by-product of one of these functions?

Answer 44

Photosynthesis and Transpiration

Question 45

What causes a plant to wilt?

Answer 45

Water loss is greater than water intake. This can occur when roots hairs are damaged or killed due to transplanting, drought or over-watering

Question 46

How does a plant leaf help keep the plant cool?

Answer 46

Transpiration provides mechanism for water movement through plant. Also reduces leaf temperature as water evaporating from the leaf surface helps prevent injury from excessive heat buildup.

Question 47

Which two structures do angiosperms have that gymnosperms do not?

Answer 47

Flowers and Fruit

Question 48

What are the two basic types of root systems? Which type is more difficult to transplant?

Answer 48

Fibrous and Tap Root. Fibrous is easier to transplant. Because taproots penetrate much deeper.

Question 49

What are four structural parts of a typical flower?

Answer 49

Sepals: The outermost part of the flower and are usually green or leaf-like. They protect the flower during its bud stage and support the petals when the flower blooms.
Petals: Often brightly colored and are located just inside the sepals. They attract pollinators like bees, butterflies and birds to the flower. The collective group of petals is called the corolla.
Stamens: Male reproductive organs of the flower. Each stamen typically consists of a slender stalk called the filament and a pollen-producing structure called the anther at the top. Pollen grains containing male gametes (sperm cells) are produced in the anther.
Pistil (Carpel): The pistil is the female reproductive organ of the flower. It is located at the center of the flower and consists of three main parts: The stigma, the style and ovary. The stigma is often sticky or feathery to capture pollen. The style is a slender tube that connects the stigma to the ovary, which contains ovules (potential seeds).

Question 50

Describe the difference between flowers and cones.

Answer 50

Flowers are reproductive organs of angiosperms and cones are that of gymnosperms.

Question 51

What is a fruit?

Answer 51

Fruits originate from the ovary of a flower. After pollination the ovary develops into a fruit as the ovules inside mature into seeds.

Question 52

How does a fern reproduce?

Answer 52

Produce spores which are reproductive units that develop on the underside of specialized leaves called sporophylls. When mature the sporangia release these spores into the air where they are carried by wind currents to new locations.

Question 53

MONOCOTS

Answer 53

One Cotyledon on the embryo
Flower parts in threes or multiples of three
Leaves are narrow, elongated with parallel veins.
Fibrous roots that form dense network close to soil surface.
Cambium is usually lacking.
Vascular bundles are scattered rather than arranged in a ring.
Examples: Corn, Snake plant, iris, dallies

Question 54

DICOTS

Answer 54

Two Cotyledons in the embryo
Flower parts in multiples of four or five
Leave have a netted venation
Cambium is usually present
Taproot system with primary root grows deep and secondary roots branch off.
Vascular bundles are usually arranged in a ring formation.
Examples: Bean, Viburnum, river birch, maples, roses.