Plant functions and their strcutures Flashcards
what is photosynthesis
when green plants make their food from co2 and water in the presence of light
whart is the word equation for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide +water -> glucose + oxygen
what is the symbol equation for photosynthesis
6C02 +6H20 => C6H1206 +602
what do endothermic reactions do to their surroundings
absorb energy
why is phbotosynthesis considered as an endothermic reaction
because it absorb light
describe the process of photosynthesis in a plant
-1.The roots of a plant absorb water from the soil.
2, The xylem transports the water from the roots to the leaves where photosynthesis happens.
3. The surroundings absorb carbon dioxide through the stomata into the leaves.
4. The phloem is the plant tissue that transports glucose around the plant.
what do plants use glucose for
- to make fats and oil which is stored in seeds
- for respiration
- converts glucose into startch which is stored
- to make cellulose which is found in the walls of the plant
- glucose combines with nitrates from the soil to make amino acids
what are the effect of variegated leaves on a plant
- variegated leaves have less cholorphyll therefore less light is absorbed
- less photosynthesis takes place
- less glucose is produced
- less ammino acids are made
- and less protein for growth
6/ stunted growth
when does stunted growth only happen in variegated leaves
if the plant has discolouration
what are limiting factors
factors that slow down the rate of photosynthesis
how many limiting factors are therew
4
what are the limiting factors of photosynthesis
- tempearture
2light intesnoty - carrbon dixoide concentration
- the amount of chlorophyll
how does temperature affect photosynthesis
1.Photosynthesis is an enzyme-controlled reaction
2. so as temperature increases photosynthesis increases up to its optimum temperature
3. because there is more kinetic energy
4.and therefore more collisions for enzyme and substrate. When the temperature is too high
5. the rate of photosynthesis decreases and stops.
hwo does light intesnity effect the rate of photosynthesis
- as light inteasnity increases so does the rat of photosytthesis
- until another factor becomes a limiting factor
how does carbon dioxide concentration effect the rate of photosynthesis
- as co2 concentration increases the rate of photosynthesis also increases
- until another factor becomes a limiting factor
what are the two methods in the light intensity call practical called
sodium hydrogen carbon method and the hydrogen carbonate indicator method
what apparatus is ued for the sodium hydrogen carbonate method for the light intensity core practical
- pondweed
- test tube
- sodium hydrogen carbonate
- scissors
- clamp or test tube holder
- light source
- timer
- gas syringe
what are the steps for the doium hydrogen carbonate method in the light intensity core practical
- put the pondweed in a test tube with 20ml sodium hydrogen carbonate
- cut the stem at an angle to allow streams of oxygen bubbles to be produced
- place the test tube 10cm away from the light source
- put on the light source and allow the pondweed to adjust to the light intensity
- start the timer and count the number of oxygen bubbles produced per minute. To make this experiment more accurate use a gas syringe to collect the volume of oxygen
- repeat this for the distances of 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, and 50 cm
- to make your resultvalid repeat three times for each distance and calculate the mean average
what are the appartus needed in mydrogen carbonate indicator method, for the light intensity core practical
- goggles
- PU bottles and caps
- beaker of algae balls
- hydrogen carbonate indicator
- lamp
- heat filter
- a metre ruler
- measuring cylinder
- foil
- timer forceps
- pipette \
what are the steps for the hydrogen carbonate indicator method in the light intensity practical
- place your bottles at the measured difference from the lamp
- add 10 - 15 algae balls to each bottle and add the same volume of indicator solution to each bottle using a measuring cylinder and pipette
- set up a heat filter between the lamp where you placed your tubes. the heat filter is water-filled in a clear container. this is your control
- cover one bottle with foil, so that it is in the dark. this bottle will not carry out photosynthesis and will therefore have a low levels of C02.make sure to place it next to the bottle that is closest to the lamp.
- turn on the lamp and time 60 minutes or longer.
- compare the colors of your bottles with an indicator scale. Record the ph of the solution in your bottles
what is the equation for light intesnity
1/ distance ^2
what is the inverse squre law
the distance from the lamp and light intensity as inverself proportional to each other
what does inverse square law mean
- distance increases light intesity
- however light intensity decreases in propotiation to the square of the distance
- if you have the distance, the light intensity will be 4x greater
- if you double the distance, the light intensity will be 4x smaller
what is the leaf
an organ resposb;le for when photosynthesis takes place
what is the waxy cutcile
a waxy coaating on the top of the leaf
what is the function of the waxy cuticle
waterproof to prevent water loss
what is the function of upper epidermis
transparent to allow light to go through
what does epidermis mean
skin
what is the palisade mesophyll
where photosynthesis takes place
what is the function of the palisade mesophyll
contains many chloropasts to absorb light for photosynthesis
what is the function of spongy meosphyll
lots of air spaces to allow easy movement of gases
where does co2 eneter in a plant
threough the stomata
where does oxygen come out from and what comes out with it
oxygen comes out as well as water vapour, this is through the stomata
what is the lower epiermis
contains multiple stomata
what is the function of guardd cells
controls opening and closing of the stomatsa
what is the function of the phloem
to transport glucose around the plant
what is the function of the xylem
to transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves
what happens when guard cells become concentrated
they will absorb water by osmossi and will swell up, causing the stomata to open
what does concentrated mean
contains a lot of substance
what does dilute mean
contains a lot of water
what happens when the guard ce;;s beome dilute
they will lose water by osmosis, swell up and close the stomata
what is transpiration
the evaporation of water vapour through the stomata in the leaves
how does transpiration work
1.there is water in the soil
2. roots will absorb it
3. roots have many root hair cells
4. water in roots go into leaves through the xylem
5. the plant will use it for photosynthesis
what happens whenever the stomata opens to let co2 in
some water is lost during transpirattion
how and why is a concentration gradientt created
- each time water has to come form soil
- because some water is used up for photosynthesis
- and some is lost through the stomata
what is concentration gradiient
the diffrence in concentratin
how many factors effect the rate of transpiration
4
what factors effect the rate of transpiarion
- temperature
- airflow
3, humidity - light intensity
how does temperature effect the rate of transpiration
as temperature increases, the rate of transpiration increases because the more kinetic energy the particles have, the more likely they are to evaporateate
how does airflow effect the rate of transpiation
as air flow increasesases, the rate of transpiration increases becausee the wind will blow the water particles away from close to the leaves creating a higher concentration gradient
what is humidity
how much water vapour is in the air
hwo does humidity effect transpiration
- as humidity increases, transpiration decreases because there are more water particles outside than inside which means there is a lower concentration gradient .
how does airflow effect the rate of transpiration
as air flow increasesases, the rate of transpiration increases becausee the wind will blow the water particles away from close to the leaves creating a higher concentration gradient.the rate of transpiration increases you increases airflow, temp or light intensity then water will move through the stem of the plant more quickly and the water will then evaporate though the stomata of the leaves
how does light intensity effect the rate of transpiration
as light intensity increases, transportration increase because because more light means more photosynthesis, and that means the stomata will open more to allow carbondioxide in and water loss to open.
what is transolcation
the movemnt of sugar up and down the plant
what are adaptations
the features than an organisms has that allows it to do its job
whar are adaptations for roo hair cells
- larger surcface area - because there are a lot of root hair cells, which absorbs more water
- thin walls - short diffusion distance
- many mitachondira - to release energy from repsirations, for active transport in order to absorb mineral ions
- long and deep - to spread out to absorb water form a large surface area
what are adaptations of the plant
- thin+ flat leaves for short diffusion distance
- irregu;ar shaped cells in spongy mesophyll - to provide air spaces for has exchange
- waxy cuticle - prevents water loss
- network of veins containing xylem vessels to ensure a short diffusion distance for water vapour
what is a potometer
an instrument used to measure the rate of transpiration
what can be used to measure the bubble in the transpiration experiment
a ruler to measure the distance the bubble moves
the further the bubble moves..
the higher the rate of transpiation
the less bibble moves…..
the lower the transpirations
what happens if you open the tap of the reservoir
to allows water to go back to the capillary tube to rest
what are decidous plants
plants that lose leaves before winter
what enviroment are cactus adapted to
an enviroment were water is scarce due to high evaporation rate
what enviroment are conifers adapted to
condifers are evergreens that are adapted to consume water when the soil water is mostly frozen
what are the adaptaitons of a cactus
- thin waxy cuticle
2, leaves reduced to spines - to reduce the surface area,so less water is lost - has spines
- suken stomata - collects water that tries to evaporate from the catus
- stem of cactus can store water
- absorb c02 in night using a special system - so it can be used n day time
- roots grow long + deep - to absorb water from all angles
adaptations of confifers
- thick waxy cuticle
2.leaves are reduced to needles to reduce the surface area, less water Is lost - has needles
4,, normal stomata - shaped so leaves can fall of easily to prevent freezing
what is auxin
a growth hormone
where is auxin found
at the top of the roots and shoots pf the plant
what does auxin inhibit
growth
how is auxin distributed in the beginngin
evenly, so that the plant grows straight
graviry has pulled theoxygen down the auxiin to the roots, how does this work
gravity pushes the oxygen to the bottom side of the root and shoot
because autin inhibts growth, where you have more auxin
the plant is gonna grow slowerer
because auxin inhbits growth, where you have less auxin,
the plant will grow faster and deeper into the soil
what is phototropsim
the growth response in plants towards light
why is gravitropsiim importnat
it allows the roots to grow donwards and absorb the water from the soul
what happens in the shoots with auxin
in the shoorts, auxin stimalates growth so the side with more auxin grows faster and will pop out of the soil
what is gravitropsim
when the root grows downwards, in reponse and direction to gravity
how are auxins used in selective weed killers
used to killl nroad leaved weed plants, causing it too grow too fast, run out of and die
what is a cutting
part of a plant that has been cut off
how is auxins used in growing cutting with root powder
- if you add rooting powder which contains auxins
- they will produce roots rapidly and start growing a new plant
- enables growers to produce local clones of a really good plant, really quick
what are auxins used in rooting powder for
tissue culture
how are gibberlines used to control flower and fruit formation
used to speed up seed germination and overcome seed dormancy, induces flowering
what aare gibberlins
plant hormones that simulate seed germination, stem growth and flowering
how is gibberlins used to produce a seedless fruit
gibberlins are applied to the unpollinated flowers of some types of plants, the fruit will grow but the seeds wont
how does ethene control the rippening of fruit
when added to the fruit, it cases it to ripen on the way to supermarkets
what is the vascular bundele
a transport system in which the xylem and pholem are included in
is the phloem invovled in transolcated or transpiration
transolcated
is the xylem in volved in transpiration or transolcated
transpiration
adaptations of the xylem
- made out of dead cells
- has a hollow middle
- dead cells on outside, held together by ligin
- no cytoplasm
- only moves substance upwards
adaptations of the phloem
- sieve plates - allows dissolved sugar to move easily
- made up of living cells
- transports sugart
4.minimal organnelles and companions ells to support them - travels in all directions
what is chlorosis
if thereis a lack of magnesium in the leaves, which causes them to turn yellow
