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Biology > Plant functions and their strcutures > Flashcards

Plant functions and their strcutures Flashcards

1
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

when green plants make their food from co2 and water in the presence of light

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2
Q

whart is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide +water -> glucose + oxygen

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3
Q

what is the symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6C02 +6H20 => C6H1206 +602

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4
Q

what do endothermic reactions do to their surroundings

A

absorb energy

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5
Q

why is phbotosynthesis considered as an endothermic reaction

A

because it absorb light

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6
Q

describe the process of photosynthesis in a plant

A

-1.The roots of a plant absorb water from the soil.
2, The xylem transports the water from the roots to the leaves where photosynthesis happens.
3. The surroundings absorb carbon dioxide through the stomata into the leaves.
4. The phloem is the plant tissue that transports glucose around the plant.

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7
Q

what do plants use glucose for

A
  1. to make fats and oil which is stored in seeds
  2. for respiration
  3. converts glucose into startch which is stored
  4. to make cellulose which is found in the walls of the plant
  5. glucose combines with nitrates from the soil to make amino acids
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8
Q

what are the effect of variegated leaves on a plant

A
  1. variegated leaves have less cholorphyll therefore less light is absorbed
  2. less photosynthesis takes place
  3. less glucose is produced
  4. less ammino acids are made
  5. and less protein for growth
    6/ stunted growth
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9
Q

when does stunted growth only happen in variegated leaves

A

if the plant has discolouration

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10
Q

what are limiting factors

A

factors that slow down the rate of photosynthesis

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11
Q

how many limiting factors are therew

A

4

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12
Q

what are the limiting factors of photosynthesis

A
  1. tempearture
    2light intesnoty
  2. carrbon dixoide concentration
  3. the amount of chlorophyll
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13
Q

how does temperature affect photosynthesis

A

1.Photosynthesis is an enzyme-controlled reaction
2. so as temperature increases photosynthesis increases up to its optimum temperature
3. because there is more kinetic energy
4.and therefore more collisions for enzyme and substrate. When the temperature is too high
5. the rate of photosynthesis decreases and stops.

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14
Q

hwo does light intesnity effect the rate of photosynthesis

A
  1. as light inteasnity increases so does the rat of photosytthesis
  2. until another factor becomes a limiting factor
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15
Q

how does carbon dioxide concentration effect the rate of photosynthesis

A
  1. as co2 concentration increases the rate of photosynthesis also increases
  2. until another factor becomes a limiting factor
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16
Q

what are the two methods in the light intensity call practical called

A

sodium hydrogen carbon method and the hydrogen carbonate indicator method

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17
Q

what apparatus is ued for the sodium hydrogen carbonate method for the light intensity core practical

A
  • pondweed
  • test tube
  • sodium hydrogen carbonate
  • scissors
  • clamp or test tube holder
  • light source
  • timer
  • gas syringe
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18
Q

what are the steps for the doium hydrogen carbonate method in the light intensity core practical

A
  1. put the pondweed in a test tube with 20ml sodium hydrogen carbonate
  2. cut the stem at an angle to allow streams of oxygen bubbles to be produced
  3. place the test tube 10cm away from the light source
  4. put on the light source and allow the pondweed to adjust to the light intensity
  5. start the timer and count the number of oxygen bubbles produced per minute. To make this experiment more accurate use a gas syringe to collect the volume of oxygen
  6. repeat this for the distances of 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, and 50 cm
  7. to make your resultvalid repeat three times for each distance and calculate the mean average
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19
Q

what are the appartus needed in mydrogen carbonate indicator method, for the light intensity core practical

A
  • goggles
  • PU bottles and caps
  • beaker of algae balls
  • hydrogen carbonate indicator
  • lamp
  • heat filter
  • a metre ruler
  • measuring cylinder
  • foil
  • timer forceps
  • pipette \
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20
Q

what are the steps for the hydrogen carbonate indicator method in the light intensity practical

A
  1. place your bottles at the measured difference from the lamp
  2. add 10 - 15 algae balls to each bottle and add the same volume of indicator solution to each bottle using a measuring cylinder and pipette
  3. set up a heat filter between the lamp where you placed your tubes. the heat filter is water-filled in a clear container. this is your control
  4. cover one bottle with foil, so that it is in the dark. this bottle will not carry out photosynthesis and will therefore have a low levels of C02.make sure to place it next to the bottle that is closest to the lamp.
  5. turn on the lamp and time 60 minutes or longer.
  6. compare the colors of your bottles with an indicator scale. Record the ph of the solution in your bottles
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21
Q

what is the equation for light intesnity

A

1/ distance ^2

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22
Q

what is the inverse squre law

A

the distance from the lamp and light intensity as inverself proportional to each other

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23
Q

what does inverse square law mean

A
  • distance increases light intesity
  • however light intensity decreases in propotiation to the square of the distance
  • if you have the distance, the light intensity will be 4x greater
  • if you double the distance, the light intensity will be 4x smaller
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24
Q

what is the leaf

A

an organ resposb;le for when photosynthesis takes place

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25
Q

what is the waxy cutcile

A

a waxy coaating on the top of the leaf

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26
Q

what is the function of the waxy cuticle

A

waterproof to prevent water loss

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27
Q

what is the function of upper epidermis

A

transparent to allow light to go through

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28
Q

what does epidermis mean

A

skin

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29
Q

what is the palisade mesophyll

A

where photosynthesis takes place

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30
Q

what is the function of the palisade mesophyll

A

contains many chloropasts to absorb light for photosynthesis

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31
Q

what is the function of spongy meosphyll

A

lots of air spaces to allow easy movement of gases

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32
Q

where does co2 eneter in a plant

A

threough the stomata

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33
Q

where does oxygen come out from and what comes out with it

A

oxygen comes out as well as water vapour, this is through the stomata

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34
Q

what is the lower epiermis

A

contains multiple stomata

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35
Q

what is the function of guardd cells

A

controls opening and closing of the stomatsa

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36
Q

what is the function of the phloem

A

to transport glucose around the plant

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37
Q

what is the function of the xylem

A

to transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves

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38
Q

what happens when guard cells become concentrated

A

they will absorb water by osmossi and will swell up, causing the stomata to open

39
Q

what does concentrated mean

A

contains a lot of substance

40
Q

what does dilute mean

A

contains a lot of water

41
Q

what happens when the guard ce;;s beome dilute

A

they will lose water by osmosis, swell up and close the stomata

42
Q

what is transpiration

A

the evaporation of water vapour through the stomata in the leaves

43
Q

how does transpiration work

A

1.there is water in the soil
2. roots will absorb it
3. roots have many root hair cells
4. water in roots go into leaves through the xylem
5. the plant will use it for photosynthesis

44
Q

what happens whenever the stomata opens to let co2 in

A

some water is lost during transpirattion

45
Q

how and why is a concentration gradientt created

A
  1. each time water has to come form soil
  2. because some water is used up for photosynthesis
  3. and some is lost through the stomata
46
Q

what is concentration gradiient

A

the diffrence in concentratin

47
Q

how many factors effect the rate of transpiration

A

4

48
Q

what factors effect the rate of transpiarion

A
  1. temperature
  2. airflow
    3, humidity
  3. light intensity
49
Q

how does temperature effect the rate of transpiration

A

as temperature increases, the rate of transpiration increases because the more kinetic energy the particles have, the more likely they are to evaporateate

50
Q

how does airflow effect the rate of transpiation

A

as air flow increasesases, the rate of transpiration increases becausee the wind will blow the water particles away from close to the leaves creating a higher concentration gradient

51
Q

what is humidity

A

how much water vapour is in the air

52
Q

hwo does humidity effect transpiration

A
  • as humidity increases, transpiration decreases because there are more water particles outside than inside which means there is a lower concentration gradient .
53
Q

how does airflow effect the rate of transpiration

A

as air flow increasesases, the rate of transpiration increases becausee the wind will blow the water particles away from close to the leaves creating a higher concentration gradient.the rate of transpiration increases you increases airflow, temp or light intensity then water will move through the stem of the plant more quickly and the water will then evaporate though the stomata of the leaves

54
Q

how does light intensity effect the rate of transpiration

A

as light intensity increases, transportration increase because because more light means more photosynthesis, and that means the stomata will open more to allow carbondioxide in and water loss to open.

55
Q

what is transolcation

A

the movemnt of sugar up and down the plant

56
Q

what are adaptations

A

the features than an organisms has that allows it to do its job

57
Q

whar are adaptations for roo hair cells

A
  1. larger surcface area - because there are a lot of root hair cells, which absorbs more water
  2. thin walls - short diffusion distance
  3. many mitachondira - to release energy from repsirations, for active transport in order to absorb mineral ions
  4. long and deep - to spread out to absorb water form a large surface area
58
Q

what are adaptations of the plant

A
  1. thin+ flat leaves for short diffusion distance
  2. irregu;ar shaped cells in spongy mesophyll - to provide air spaces for has exchange
  3. waxy cuticle - prevents water loss
  4. network of veins containing xylem vessels to ensure a short diffusion distance for water vapour
59
Q

what is a potometer

A

an instrument used to measure the rate of transpiration

60
Q

what can be used to measure the bubble in the transpiration experiment

A

a ruler to measure the distance the bubble moves

61
Q

the further the bubble moves..

A

the higher the rate of transpiation

62
Q

the less bibble moves…..

A

the lower the transpirations

63
Q

what happens if you open the tap of the reservoir

A

to allows water to go back to the capillary tube to rest

64
Q

what are decidous plants

A

plants that lose leaves before winter

65
Q

what enviroment are cactus adapted to

A

an enviroment were water is scarce due to high evaporation rate

66
Q

what enviroment are conifers adapted to

A

condifers are evergreens that are adapted to consume water when the soil water is mostly frozen

67
Q

what are the adaptaitons of a cactus

A
  1. thin waxy cuticle
    2, leaves reduced to spines - to reduce the surface area,so less water is lost
  2. has spines
  3. suken stomata - collects water that tries to evaporate from the catus
  4. stem of cactus can store water
  5. absorb c02 in night using a special system - so it can be used n day time
  6. roots grow long + deep - to absorb water from all angles
68
Q

adaptations of confifers

A
  1. thick waxy cuticle
    2.leaves are reduced to needles to reduce the surface area, less water Is lost
  2. has needles
    4,, normal stomata
  3. shaped so leaves can fall of easily to prevent freezing
69
Q

what is auxin

A

a growth hormone

70
Q

where is auxin found

A

at the top of the roots and shoots pf the plant

71
Q

what does auxin inhibit

A

growth

72
Q

how is auxin distributed in the beginngin

A

evenly, so that the plant grows straight

73
Q

graviry has pulled theoxygen down the auxiin to the roots, how does this work

A

gravity pushes the oxygen to the bottom side of the root and shoot

74
Q

because autin inhibts growth, where you have more auxin

A

the plant is gonna grow slowerer

75
Q

because auxin inhbits growth, where you have less auxin,

A

the plant will grow faster and deeper into the soil

76
Q

what is phototropsim

A

the growth response in plants towards light

77
Q

why is gravitropsiim importnat

A

it allows the roots to grow donwards and absorb the water from the soul

78
Q

what happens in the shoots with auxin

A

in the shoorts, auxin stimalates growth so the side with more auxin grows faster and will pop out of the soil

79
Q

what is gravitropsim

A

when the root grows downwards, in reponse and direction to gravity

80
Q

how are auxins used in selective weed killers

A

used to killl nroad leaved weed plants, causing it too grow too fast, run out of and die

81
Q

what is a cutting

A

part of a plant that has been cut off

82
Q

how is auxins used in growing cutting with root powder

A
  1. if you add rooting powder which contains auxins
  2. they will produce roots rapidly and start growing a new plant
  3. enables growers to produce local clones of a really good plant, really quick
83
Q

what are auxins used in rooting powder for

A

tissue culture

84
Q

how are gibberlines used to control flower and fruit formation

A

used to speed up seed germination and overcome seed dormancy, induces flowering

85
Q

what aare gibberlins

A

plant hormones that simulate seed germination, stem growth and flowering

86
Q

how is gibberlins used to produce a seedless fruit

A

gibberlins are applied to the unpollinated flowers of some types of plants, the fruit will grow but the seeds wont

87
Q

how does ethene control the rippening of fruit

A

when added to the fruit, it cases it to ripen on the way to supermarkets

88
Q

what is the vascular bundele

A

a transport system in which the xylem and pholem are included in

89
Q

is the phloem invovled in transolcated or transpiration

A

transolcated

90
Q

is the xylem in volved in transpiration or transolcated

A

transpiration

91
Q

adaptations of the xylem

A
  1. made out of dead cells
  2. has a hollow middle
  3. dead cells on outside, held together by ligin
  4. no cytoplasm
  5. only moves substance upwards
92
Q

adaptations of the phloem

A
  1. sieve plates - allows dissolved sugar to move easily
  2. made up of living cells
  3. transports sugart
    4.minimal organnelles and companions ells to support them
  4. travels in all directions
93
Q

what is chlorosis

A

if thereis a lack of magnesium in the leaves, which causes them to turn yellow

Biology (12 decks)

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