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Biology > animal coordination and control > Flashcards

animal coordination and control Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

it is composed of glands which secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the blood stream

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2
Q

where does the blood carry the hormone to produce an effect

A

a target orgain

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3
Q

compared to the nervous system, do the effects of the endocrine system act slower or fast ? and do they act for longer periods of time or shorter

A

the effects of the endocrine system are slower and act for longer

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4
Q

what is a hormone

A

a chemical that is released from a gland in response to a change

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5
Q

where the pituitary gland located

A

in the brain

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6
Q

why is the pituitary gland called the master gland

A

it prodcues and secretes many hormones into the blood

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7
Q

what are hormones released in resposne to

A

changes in body conditions

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8
Q

what do hormones releases act on to stimulate

A

these hormones released act on other glands to stimulate other hormones to be released to bring about effects that regulate the body

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9
Q

what do the adrenal glands produce and secret

A

the hormone adrenailine, to prepare the body for flight to fight

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10
Q

what does the pancreas releaser

A

insulin and glucagon

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11
Q

how does adenaline prepare the body for fight or flight

A
  1. binding to the recepts on the cardiac muscle to increase the rate and force of contreaction
  2. heart rate and blood pressure will go up
  3. if the heart rate increases, then blood flow increases, so muscles receive more glucose and oxygen for increases respirtation
  4. adrenaline stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen to increase the level of blood glucose for cells to use for respiration
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12
Q

what hormones are released by the pituitary gland

A

ADH TSH LH PRL GH FSH

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13
Q

what is the target organ for ADH

A

the kidneys

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14
Q

what is the effect of ADH

A

controls water levels in the boduy

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15
Q

what does ADH stand for

A

anti diuretic hormone

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16
Q

what does TSH stand for

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

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17
Q

what does the target organ for TSH

A

thyroid

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18
Q

what is the effect of TSH

A

stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine

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19
Q

what does LH staand for

A

luthensing hormone

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20
Q

what is the target organ for LH

A

ovaries

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21
Q

what is the effecct of LH

A

stimulates egg release and progesterone production in ovaries

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22
Q

what does PRL stand for

A

prolactin

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23
Q

what is the target organ for PRL

A

the breats

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24
Q

what is the effect of PRL

A

stimulates breasts to produce milk

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25
Q

what is the effect of GH

A

stimlates growth and tepair

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26
Q

what is the target organ for GH

A

all cells in the body

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27
Q

what does GH stand for

A

growth hormone

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28
Q

what does FSH stand for

A

follice stimulating hormone

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29
Q

what is the target organ for FSH

A

the ovaries

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30
Q

what is the effect on FSH

A

stimulates egg ripening and oestrogen production in ovaries

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31
Q

what is metabolic rate

A

the rate at which energy is relleasesd into the body

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32
Q

what does thyroxine regulate

A

metabolic rate, breathing,heart rate and body temperature

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33
Q

what does the thyroid gland produce

A

the hormone hyroxine

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34
Q

what is the role of negative feedback for thyroxine

A

keep the amount of thyrozine in blood roughly the same

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35
Q

what does TRH stand for

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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36
Q

what do the ovaries produce

A

the hormones oestrigen and preogestgerone

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37
Q

what effect does oestrogen have

A

causes the lining of the uterus to thicken

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38
Q

what does high levels for oestriogen do

A

cause the release of another hormone from the pituitary gland which causes the egg to be released

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39
Q

where is oestogen rleased from

A

the ovaries

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40
Q

what is the role of progestone

A

maintains the lining of the uterus during the mesntrual cyel

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41
Q

what is the mesntral cycle

A

the reproductibe cycle in women, it is brought about by hormones

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42
Q

how long does the mnestral cycle last

A

28 days

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43
Q

what is ovulation

A

when an egg is released half way through the mestral cycle

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44
Q

whagt day does ovulation normally haoppen

A

day 14

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45
Q

where are eggs released from

A

the ovary

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46
Q

where do eggs travel to

A

the uterus

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47
Q

when does mensturation happens

A

day 1 of the menstural cyle

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48
Q

what happpens to eggs once fertillised

A

thewy come embedded in the thick uterus lining

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49
Q

if a women becomes pregant when her lining of the uterus is being maintain, what happens

A

the progestrone levels that are already high will stay high

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50
Q

what is the pill

A

oral contraceptive that contains oestrigen to inhibit FSH production, so that no egg develops and matures. after taking a while egg development and release will stop completely

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51
Q

what do the mini pill and injections contain

A

progestrine

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52
Q

what do high lvels of progestrine in the mini pill and injections do

A

stimulate cervix to produce a thick musuc, which stops sperm form entering the uterus

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53
Q

what do spermicdal agents do

A

kill or disable sperm

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54
Q

what are two examples of barriuer methods

A

condoms and diaphrams

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55
Q

what do implants or skin pathces do

A

inhubut the maturation and relewase of eggs for a number of months or years

56
Q

what is the role of the barrier method

A

prevent sperm from reaching egg

57
Q

what is the rol of the ccoil or other intraurine devices

A

prevent the implantation of an embryo

58
Q

what is steriladation or vasectomy

A

surgical methods of male and female sterillisations

59
Q

what are the distadvantages of barrier methods

A
  1. need to think ahead before intercorse in order to purchase condoms
  2. less reliable method of contraception
60
Q

disadvantage of hormonal methods

A
  1. some women sufffer from side effects formtaking hormone
  2. hormone contraceptive do not protect the couple from sexually transmitted diseases
61
Q

advantages of hormal methods

A
  1. more effective at preventing pregananycy
  2. no need to think about contraception before a couple have intercourse
62
Q

advangtages of barrier methods

A
  1. can provide protection aganist STI
  2. easily available and do not need a doctor to prescribe them. useful for people who many not be able to take contraceptive because of the side effects
63
Q

why do women have to undergo ART fertillity treament

A

if they find it difficult to get pregnant

64
Q

what does ART stand for

A

assited reproductive technology

65
Q

if a womean has naturally low levels of FSH and LH what therapy can she undergo

A

clomiphere theraphy

66
Q

what is clomiphere

A

a drug which stimulates the release of FSH and LH by the body

67
Q

what form can clomiphene be taken in

A

tablet or injectiojn

68
Q

by taking clomiphe what will happen

A

she may get pregmant in the normal way

69
Q

if a women can’t get pregnant after clomifene therapy, what is the next step

A

IVF treatment

70
Q

what does IVF involve

A
  1. giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation fo several eggs
  2. the eggs are collected from the mother and fertillised by sperm from the father in the laboratory
  3. fertillised eggs develop into embryos
  4. at the stage when they ate tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the mothers uterus
71
Q

what are the negatives of fertillity treatment

A
  1. very emotional and physically stressful, sucess rates are not high
  2. increase the risk of complications in pregnancy and childbirth and may lead to premature or underwieht babies
  3. can lead to multiple births, which are a risk to both baby and mother
72
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the regulation of the internal condions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for enzyme function and all cell functions in response to internal and external changes

73
Q

in the human body, what does homeostatsis control

A
  1. blood glucose concentration
  2. body temperature
  3. water levels
74
Q

what is human body temp

A

37 degrees

75
Q

whatg is the optimum temperature for enzymes to work effectively

A

37 degrees

76
Q

what is body temp controled by

A

the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalmus in the brain

77
Q

what does the thermoregulatory system contain

A

receptors snsitive to the temperature of the blood

78
Q

what does the skin contain

A

temperature recepttors adn sends nervous impulses to the thermoregulatory centre

79
Q

what are the three layers of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, faty layer

80
Q

what haooens when humans get cold

A
  1. the skeletal muscles contract rapildy and this causes shivering
  2. the muscle contractions require enegey form respiration and some of this is released as heat
  3. the hair erector muscles in the dermis also contract and this raises the hair which trap a layer of air close to the skin which acts an insulator
81
Q

what happens if body temp is too low

A

bllod vessl contrsicrs (vaso contrictin) sweating stops and skeletal muscles contract (shiver)

82
Q

what happens if the body temperare is too high

A

blood vessel dillates (vaso dilation) and sweat is produced onto the epidermis from the swreat glands in the dermis

83
Q

what do both vasoconstriction and vasodilation cause

A

a transfer of energy from the skin to the environment

84
Q

what is blood glucose concentrated monitored and controlled by

A

pancreas

85
Q

whatg happens when blood glucose concentration is toohigh

A
  1. the pancrease releases the hormone insulin
  2. insulin stimulates the movement of glucose form the blood into the cells
  3. liver and muscle cells convert excess gluose into glycogen for storage
86
Q

the control of blood glucose concetration is an example of what

A

negative feedback

87
Q

what does negative feedback ensure

A

that the changes are reversed and returned back to the set level

88
Q

what happens if blood glucose concentration is too low

A
  1. pancreases rfelease glucagon
  2. liver and muscle cells convert glycogen into glucose
  3. then blood glucose levels return to normal
89
Q

what is diabetes

A

a condition thatgg causes a perons blood sugar level to become too high

90
Q

what does lack of insulin cause

A

high blood sugar level

91
Q

what is type 1 diabtes

A

a disorder in which the pancreases fails to produce enough insulin

92
Q

what is type 1 diabtes treated with

A

insuulin injections

93
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

a disorder where the body cells nno longer respond to the insulin produced by the pancreas

94
Q

what is a risk factor for type 2 diabtes

A

obesity

95
Q

hwo is type 2 diabtes treated

A

by controlling the carbpophyrate in the diet and by exercise

96
Q

what can make a person havwe a greater risk fo developing type 2 diabtes

A

excess weight

97
Q

what is BMI used for

A

to calculate whether a perons eight lies within a healthy range

98
Q

what does BMI stand for

A

body mass indicator

99
Q

what is the equation for BMI

A

mass kg divided by heivgh m^2

100
Q

what are the limitations to BMI

A

it simoly shows if a person is carrying too much weight, not whether this is excess fat, muscle or bone

101
Q

what is considered alongside BMI

A

waist to hip ratio

102
Q

what is osmoreguoation

A

the regulation of water content in the body

103
Q

what are water, ions and urea lost by

A

the skin in sweat

104
Q

where are excess water, ions and urea removed from

A

the kindeys n the urine

105
Q

when does water lleave the body

A

via the lungs through exhalation

106
Q

what is exhalation

A

when you breathe out

107
Q

what is urea

A

a waste product produced when proteins are broke down

108
Q

what happens if cells lose or gain too much water by osmosis

A

they do not function effectively

109
Q

what are in ions

A

sodiyuum potassium calcim nitrogen

110
Q

what structure in the body cells is made from water

A

cytooplasm

111
Q

what does hyptonic mean

A

more dilute than the solution the cells

112
Q

what is hyoertonic

A

more concentration solution

113
Q

what is isotonic

A

same concentration as solution in the cell

114
Q

when a red blood cell is placed in hypotonic solutions, what happens

A

water enters the cell by osmosis and as the volume increases, this puts pressure on the cell membrane and it bursts, this is called lysis

115
Q

what happens when a red blood cell is placeede in hypertonic solutions

A

water leaves the cell by osmosis andd the cells shrink and the membrane wrinkles. this is called creation

116
Q

if the kindyes function properly and keep the blood concentration isotonic, what doesn’t happen in the body

A

lysis or crenation

117
Q

what is rhe role of the kidneys

A

to filter the blood and form urine that is stored in the bladder

118
Q

where are the kindeys located

A

in the lower back

119
Q

what is the name of the outer layer, that each kidney has

A

cortex

120
Q

what is the name of the inner layer that each kidney has

A

the medulla

121
Q

where is blood filtered

A

in the nephron

122
Q

what are the threee main steps in blood filtration

A
  1. filtration of glucose, urea, ions and water from the blood
  2. selective reabsoprtion of all glucose, some ions and some water in the body
  3. excreation of all urea, excess ions and excess water into the urine
123
Q

what happens when you have a diet high in protein

A

the excess proteins are digested into amino acids that are absorbed into the blood. the excesses amino acids are then deminatted in the liver to from ammonia

124
Q

what does deaminated mean

A

removal of an amino group from the amino acids

125
Q

what is ammonia

A

a very toxic substance

126
Q

why is ammonia immediately converted to urea for safe excreation from the body in the urine

A

because it is toxic

127
Q

what does ADH cause the kidney tubles

A

to beccome more permable to water

128
Q

what does increases levels of ADH cause

A

tje kidney to reabsorb more water

129
Q

if you have an increased water content of blood (more dilute), what happens

A
  1. the pituitary gland stops releasing ADH into the blood
  2. the kidney tubles are less permeable and reabsobr less water
  3. this means less concentrated urine is produced
  4. then normal blood water levels will return back to normal
130
Q

if you have a decreased water content of blood (more concentration) what will happen

A
  1. the pituotary gland releases ADH into the blood
    2, kidneyh tubles are more permeable and reabsorb more water
  2. more concentrated urine is produced
  3. normal blood water levels will return back to normal
131
Q

what is kidney failture

A

a medical conditions where the kindeys no longer work

132
Q

what happens if the kidneys fail

A

toxins can build up in the blood and the concentration of ions gets out of balance

133
Q

what are the two treatments for kidneyhh failure

A

kidney dialusis and kidney transplants

134
Q

what does kidney dialyusises do

A

restores the cocnentration of dissolved substances in the blood to normal levels and has to carried out in regular intervals

135
Q

how does a dialysis machien work

A
  1. bllood high in urea flows between partially permeable membrane in the opposite direction of the dialysis fluid
  2. this maintains the concentration graident
  3. the dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of useful substances as the blood
  4. this ensure that glucose and ions are not lost
  5. urea passes out from the blood into the dialysis fluid

Biology (15 decks)

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