Cell and control Flashcards
how can we make large quantities of an identical copy of a plant in a short period of time
by cutting it and putting it in rooting powder, which would speed up the developing of the root
what is the first step in preparing of mitosis called
interphase
what happens during interphase
the dna will be replicable, sub cellular structures will divide, the cell will grow
what si the first stage of mitosis
prophase
what happens during prophase
1.chromosomes condenses
2. cell membrane will break
3. chromomesomes are free
what is the second stage of mitosis called
metaphase
what happens during metaphase
the chromomeommes centrally aline
what is the third stage of mitosis called
anapgase
what happens during anaphase
the cell fibres will pull eahc chromommesomes equally yo each side
what is the fourth stage of mitosis called
telophase
what happens during telopjase
- the chromomes decondense
- the nuclear membrane reforms
what is the finial stage of mitosis
cytokinesis
what happens during cytokinesis
- the cytoplasm and nuclear membrane divides
- to form two genetically identically daughter diploid cells
what is cell diviosn
when a parent cell divides from two or more daughter cells
how many chromomes do gamtes have in total
23
how many chromomes are there in each cell of the human body
23
how many chromomes are their in total from your mother and your father
46
what does diploid mean
the number of chromes found in body cells
whatg does haploid mean
half the number of chromomes in a body cell
what is the cell cycle
a series of steps that the cell has to undergo in order to divide
how many types of cell division are there
2
what are the names of the types of cell division
mitosis and meiosis
what is mitosis
a vital part of asexual reproduction, as this type of reproduction only involves one organisms so to produce offspring it simply repilcates its own cells
what is a parent cell
any cell that can carry out divison
what is a daughter cell
something that comes out of a parent cell
what is mitossis used for
growth and repiar
what is meiosis used for
the making of gametes
what is the rate at which a cell divides by mitosis controlled by
its genetic matriel
what do mutations alter
genes
why might cells start dividing uncontroaably
there could be a mutation in a gene that controls cell division , which would cause them to stat dividing uncontrable, this can result in the formation of a tymo
what are female chromomes
xx
what is male chromomes
xy
what are stem cells
undiffrentiated cells that can beomce other cell types
what are the set of chormomes in the daughter cell’s nucleus the same as
the parent cell nucleus
what does undiffrentiated mean
not yer specialised/ not develop certain subcellular structure to functions q
how many stem cells are there in snimsld
2
what are the names of the two types of stem cells
emnryonic and adult
what is an embryonic stem cell
stem cells found in embryos and can develop into all types of cell - once the embryonic stem cell has changed
where are adult stem cells found
in bone marrow, brain, small intestine and liver
how many types of cells can adult stem cells develop into
a few types off cells
why are embryonic stem cells potent
because they can become all cell types
when do embryonic stem cells form
when an egg and s sperm ccell fuse to form a zygote
why are adult stem cells multipoetne
they can only become some cells
where do adult stem cells from bone marrow only come from
red blood cells
where are stem cells in plants found
within the meristem, which is at the tip of the root and the shoot
what happens when stem cells divide
they can make a new specialised cell
unlike animal stem cells, what can plant stem cells do
diffrentiate thoughout their whole plant life
what does therpaeutic cloning do
produce stem cells with the same genetic makeup as the patient
what does the technique of therpautic cloning involve
the transfer of the nucleuus from a cell of a patient to an egg cell whose nucleus has been removed
what are the steps of therapeutic clonging
- take the body cell first
- remove the nucleus from the egg cell
- put the nucleus from the egg cell in the bin
- remove the nucleus from the body cell
- put it inside the empty egg cells
- give it an electric shock
- the cell will divide by mitosis to form an embryo
what are three cons of using embryonic stem cells
- killing a potiential lif e
- baby didn;t have a choice
- if you are using it to make other cell types it can lead to uncontrolled cell division and cause a tumour which would become cancer
what are pros to embryonic stem cells
- used in mechical reseach
- if it becomes nay cell type, it allows us to treat any kind of disease
- it is painless, you are not extracting from a human
what are 4 pros to adult stem cells
- no ehtical issues
- proceducre is safe
- tried and tested, reliable resource
- patients recover quickly from the procedure
what are cons of adult stem cells
- risk of infecrtion form the procedure
2 it is painful - it can only treat some disease
- risk of dividing uncontablly and leading to canvcer
what does idffrentiation mean
it has become specialised
what deos it mean when a cell is speacilased
the cell has developed certain subcellular structurew which allow it to carry out its job
what can growth in height be descrived as
continous
what is growth in height driven by
elingation
what stage do animal cells diffrentiate
in the early stage of developmentt
what is the nervous system
a body communicatng network
