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health and disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is health

A

health is a state of phycial and mental welbeing

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2
Q

what are two types of diseases

A

communicable and non communicable

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3
Q

what are communicable diseases

A

diseases that can spread from one person to another because they are caused by pathogens

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4
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a microorganism that causes diseases

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5
Q

what do all pathogens cause

A

disease

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6
Q

what is an microorganism

A

an organism that can’t be seen with the naked eye and only with a microscope

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7
Q

what are all microorganism not ?

A

pathigens

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8
Q

what are four examples of pathogens

A

bacteria, virus, fungi and protists

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9
Q

what are non-communicable diseases

A

diseases that can’t spread from one person to another because they are not caused by pathogens

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10
Q

two examples of non-communicable disease

A

cancer and coronary heart disease

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11
Q

when communicable and non communicable diseases interact, what can they sometimes cause ?

A

Sometimes non-communicable and communicable diseases can interact to cause ill health

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12
Q

what are examples of how communciable and non communicable disease can sometimes cause ill health

A
  1. HPV, which is communicable disease, can cause cervical cancer which is a non communicable disease
  2. hepititis is a communciable disease and can cause liver cacer which is commmunicable
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13
Q

what can poor physical health lead to

A

poor mental health

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14
Q

what does pathogens cause

A

disease

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15
Q

what do vaccinations do

A

make you immune

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16
Q

what is a vector ( in terms of health and disease )

A

an organism that carries disease

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17
Q

what is a vacine

A

a dead form of a pathogen

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18
Q

what is a vaccination

A

the process of putting dead forms of pathogens into your body

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19
Q

what diseases do bacteria cause

A

cholera, tuberculosis, chlamydia and helicobacter pylori

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20
Q

what is a symptom of chlorea

A

diarrhoea

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21
Q

what is a symptom of chlamydia

A

infertillity

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22
Q

what is a symptom of helicobacter pylori

A

stomach ulcers and vomiting

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23
Q

how is chlorea transmitted

A

through infected water

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24
Q

how is tuberculosis transmitted

A

through air

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25
Q

how is chlamydia transmitted

A

through body fluid

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26
Q

how is heliobacter pylori transmitted

A

through contaminated food and water

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27
Q

how do you prevent chlorea

A

by practicing good hygiene and drinking clean water

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28
Q

how do you prevent tuberculosis

A

avoid overcrowding and practice good hygiene

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29
Q

how do you preven chlamydia

A

condoms and abstience

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30
Q

how do you prevent helicobacter pylori

A

good hygiene and drinking clean water

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31
Q

what diseases to fungi cause

A

chalara ash dieback

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32
Q

what is a symptom of cholera ash dieback

A

leaf loss

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33
Q

how is chalara ash dieback transmitted

A

through air

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34
Q

how do you prevent chalara ash dieback

A

remove infected plant and restrict tree movement

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35
Q

what diseases does viruses cause

A

HIV and ebola

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36
Q

what is symptom of HIV

A

destroys immune system

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37
Q

what is a symptom of ebola

A

hemorrhagic fever

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38
Q

how is HIV transmitted

A

through body fluids

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39
Q

how is ebola transmittred

A

through body fluids

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40
Q

what does HIV stand for

A

human immunodeficiency virus

41
Q

how can you prevent HIV

A

condoms or absteince

42
Q

how can you prevent ebola

A

isolation and sterilisation

43
Q

how is chlymdia treated

A

with antibiotics

44
Q

how is HIV treated

A

using antiretroviral drugs

45
Q

does HIV have a cure

A

no

46
Q

does chlymadia have a cure

A

yesss

47
Q

what can antibiotics only cure

A

bacteria

48
Q

are all Bactria pathogens

A

no

49
Q

are all viruses pathogens

A

yes

50
Q

are all fungi pathogens

A

no

51
Q

are all protists pathoens

A

most of them are

52
Q

what allows pathogens to enter the body

A

any opening

53
Q

what happens if pathogens enter your mouth

A

it will go into the stomach and the stomach acid will kill the pathogen

54
Q

what is the name of the acid that the stomach acid is made of

A

hydrochloric acid

55
Q

what happens if patogens enter the eyes

A

our tears and sweat contain enzymes that destroy the pathogen (lysosozmes)

56
Q

what kind of barrier is your skin

A

a physical barrier thaat prevents pathogens from enetering the body

57
Q

what happens if pathogens enter the nose

A

the muscus will trap the pathogen in your nose and trachea, cillia will sweep the muscus into your throat and you will cough it out

58
Q

what are cillia

A

hair like structures in the trachea

59
Q

what cells are used as the bodies defence system

A

white blood cells

60
Q

what are the names of the two types of white blood cells

A

lymphocytes and phagocytes

61
Q

what is the role of a phagocyte

A

to engulf and digest the pathogens

62
Q

can phagocytes change shaoe

A

yesss

63
Q

what are phagocytes

A

nonspecific defensive system and deal with any pathogens this way

64
Q

are lymphocytes specific or non specific

A

specific

65
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

the specific immune system

66
Q

what is the role of a lymphocyte

A

to produce antibodies that are specific to the pathogen, destory the pathogen and produice antitoxins to neutralise the tozzins produced by the pathogens

67
Q

what is an antibody

A

a protein thatg destroys pathogens and must be specific to the pathogen

68
Q

where are antigens found

A

on pathogens and all cells

69
Q

what is an antigen

A

a protein

70
Q

what are anti toxins

A

chemicals

71
Q

the shape of the antibody and antigen are….

A

complemen tary

72
Q

what can’t phagocytes do by themselves

A

destroy the antigen

73
Q

what must the antibody be

A

specific to the antigen of the pathogen

74
Q

what is active immunity caused by

A

you getting the disease and developing immunity for the disease

75
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when most of the people in a community are vaccinated

76
Q

if there is herd immunity then what happens

A

you are less likely to get disease when someone gets it and passes it on to those who have not been vaccinated

77
Q

what happens when uou are inject with a vaccine

A
  1. the lymphtocytes will produce antibodies that are specific to that pathogen
  2. the lympocytes will then destory the pathogen
  3. memory lymphotcytes are stored in blood and remeber the correct antitbodies
  4. this is so that when you are infected with the real disease antibodies are porduced rapudly in large quantity to destory the pathogen
  5. this leads to passive immunity
78
Q

are viruses living organisms

A

no

79
Q

what can viruses not reproduce without

A

a host cell

80
Q

what are the two types of life cycles of a vircus

A

lysogenic and lyptic

80
Q

how does a lyptic life cycle of a virus work

A
  1. the virus attaches itself to a living host cell and injects its genetic matriel
  2. host cell follows the viral genetic instructions by using its proteins and enzymes to make viral copies
  3. the host membrane will either rupture or lyses
    4.this releases many viruses which can infect other cells
81
Q

how does a lysogenic life cycle of a virus work

A
  1. the virus attaches itself to a living host cell and injects its genetic matriel
  2. viral dna becomes encourparated into the bacterial dna
  3. when the host replicates, the viral dna is also replicated
    4.many cell diviosn occur but the viral dna remains dormant
  4. a trigger causes the viral dna to seperate and enter the lytic cycle
82
Q

what is an STI

A

it is passed from one person to another through unprotected sex

83
Q

what does STI stand for

A

sexually transmittedd infection

84
Q

what are threetypes of ways that plants can defend themselves aganist disease

A

chemically, physically, mechanically

85
Q

how do plants defend themselves aganist disease mechanically

A
  1. thorns can make plants painful if eaten by herbivores
  2. touch can make mimosia leaves curl which frightens animals
86
Q

how do plants defend themselves aganist disease physicallhy

A

bark,thick waxy cuticles, tough cellulose walls defend the plant from pathogen entry

87
Q

how do plants defend themseleves aganist disease chemically

A

antibacterial and other toxic chemicals come from the plant

88
Q

what are three visible signs that a plant is diseased

A
  1. unusal growth
  2. spots or discoloured leaves
  3. malformed leaves or stems
89
Q

plants suffer from a range of infections, what are these infections caused by

A

pathogens or insect pests

90
Q

what four tools do you use to identify plant disease

A
  1. gardening manuals
    2.garding websites
  2. test kits containing monoclonal antibodies
  3. taking infected plants to the labatory to identify the pathgoen
91
Q

why do plants often appear diseased

A

because they look unhealthy

92
Q

what can be the cause of plants looking unhealthy

A

enviromental causes such as ion defieciencies in soil that the plants have grown in

93
Q

what is a plant pathologist

A

a scientist that specialises in plant disease

94
Q

how do plant pathoglists identify the likely pathogen

A

by analysing the distribution of plants with a disease

95
Q

what do air borne pathogens cause

A

a randomm distribution of diseased plants

96
Q

if plants in a very localised area have become diseased , the pathogen resposible for the disease woulld be found where?

A

in the soil

97
Q

when a plant is infected by a pathogen, how can the pathogen’s dna be identifited

A

Biology (10 decks)

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