health and disease Flashcards
what is health
health is a state of phycial and mental welbeing
what are two types of diseases
communicable and non communicable
what are communicable diseases
diseases that can spread from one person to another because they are caused by pathogens
what is a pathogen
a microorganism that causes diseases
what do all pathogens cause
disease
what is an microorganism
an organism that can’t be seen with the naked eye and only with a microscope
what are all microorganism not ?
pathigens
what are four examples of pathogens
bacteria, virus, fungi and protists
what are non-communicable diseases
diseases that can’t spread from one person to another because they are not caused by pathogens
two examples of non-communicable disease
cancer and coronary heart disease
when communicable and non communicable diseases interact, what can they sometimes cause ?
Sometimes non-communicable and communicable diseases can interact to cause ill health
what are examples of how communciable and non communicable disease can sometimes cause ill health
- HPV, which is communicable disease, can cause cervical cancer which is a non communicable disease
- hepititis is a communciable disease and can cause liver cacer which is commmunicable
what can poor physical health lead to
poor mental health
what does pathogens cause
disease
what do vaccinations do
make you immune
what is a vector ( in terms of health and disease )
an organism that carries disease
what is a vacine
a dead form of a pathogen
what is a vaccination
the process of putting dead forms of pathogens into your body
what diseases do bacteria cause
cholera, tuberculosis, chlamydia and helicobacter pylori
what is a symptom of chlorea
diarrhoea
what is a symptom of chlamydia
infertillity
what is a symptom of helicobacter pylori
stomach ulcers and vomiting
how is chlorea transmitted
through infected water
how is tuberculosis transmitted
through air
how is chlamydia transmitted
through body fluid
how is heliobacter pylori transmitted
through contaminated food and water
how do you prevent chlorea
by practicing good hygiene and drinking clean water
how do you prevent tuberculosis
avoid overcrowding and practice good hygiene
how do you preven chlamydia
condoms and abstience
how do you prevent helicobacter pylori
good hygiene and drinking clean water
what diseases to fungi cause
chalara ash dieback
what is a symptom of cholera ash dieback
leaf loss
how is chalara ash dieback transmitted
through air
how do you prevent chalara ash dieback
remove infected plant and restrict tree movement
what diseases does viruses cause
HIV and ebola
what is symptom of HIV
destroys immune system
what is a symptom of ebola
hemorrhagic fever
how is HIV transmitted
through body fluids
how is ebola transmittred
through body fluids
what does HIV stand for
human immunodeficiency virus
how can you prevent HIV
condoms or absteince
how can you prevent ebola
isolation and sterilisation
how is chlymdia treated
with antibiotics
how is HIV treated
using antiretroviral drugs
does HIV have a cure
no
does chlymadia have a cure
yesss
what can antibiotics only cure
bacteria
are all Bactria pathogens
no
are all viruses pathogens
yes
are all fungi pathogens
no
are all protists pathoens
most of them are
what allows pathogens to enter the body
any opening
what happens if pathogens enter your mouth
it will go into the stomach and the stomach acid will kill the pathogen
what is the name of the acid that the stomach acid is made of
hydrochloric acid
what happens if patogens enter the eyes
our tears and sweat contain enzymes that destroy the pathogen (lysosozmes)
what kind of barrier is your skin
a physical barrier thaat prevents pathogens from enetering the body
what happens if pathogens enter the nose
the muscus will trap the pathogen in your nose and trachea, cillia will sweep the muscus into your throat and you will cough it out
what are cillia
hair like structures in the trachea
what cells are used as the bodies defence system
white blood cells
what are the names of the two types of white blood cells
lymphocytes and phagocytes
what is the role of a phagocyte
to engulf and digest the pathogens
can phagocytes change shaoe
yesss
what are phagocytes
nonspecific defensive system and deal with any pathogens this way
are lymphocytes specific or non specific
specific
what are lymphocytes
the specific immune system
what is the role of a lymphocyte
to produce antibodies that are specific to the pathogen, destory the pathogen and produice antitoxins to neutralise the tozzins produced by the pathogens
what is an antibody
a protein thatg destroys pathogens and must be specific to the pathogen
where are antigens found
on pathogens and all cells
what is an antigen
a protein
what are anti toxins
chemicals
the shape of the antibody and antigen are….
complemen tary
what can’t phagocytes do by themselves
destroy the antigen
what must the antibody be
specific to the antigen of the pathogen
what is active immunity caused by
you getting the disease and developing immunity for the disease
what is herd immunity
when most of the people in a community are vaccinated
if there is herd immunity then what happens
you are less likely to get disease when someone gets it and passes it on to those who have not been vaccinated
what happens when uou are inject with a vaccine
- the lymphtocytes will produce antibodies that are specific to that pathogen
- the lympocytes will then destory the pathogen
- memory lymphotcytes are stored in blood and remeber the correct antitbodies
- this is so that when you are infected with the real disease antibodies are porduced rapudly in large quantity to destory the pathogen
- this leads to passive immunity
are viruses living organisms
no
what can viruses not reproduce without
a host cell
what are the two types of life cycles of a vircus
lysogenic and lyptic
how does a lyptic life cycle of a virus work
- the virus attaches itself to a living host cell and injects its genetic matriel
- host cell follows the viral genetic instructions by using its proteins and enzymes to make viral copies
- the host membrane will either rupture or lyses
4.this releases many viruses which can infect other cells
how does a lysogenic life cycle of a virus work
- the virus attaches itself to a living host cell and injects its genetic matriel
- viral dna becomes encourparated into the bacterial dna
- when the host replicates, the viral dna is also replicated
4.many cell diviosn occur but the viral dna remains dormant - a trigger causes the viral dna to seperate and enter the lytic cycle
what is an STI
it is passed from one person to another through unprotected sex
what does STI stand for
sexually transmittedd infection
what are threetypes of ways that plants can defend themselves aganist disease
chemically, physically, mechanically
how do plants defend themselves aganist disease mechanically
- thorns can make plants painful if eaten by herbivores
- touch can make mimosia leaves curl which frightens animals
how do plants defend themselves aganist disease physicallhy
bark,thick waxy cuticles, tough cellulose walls defend the plant from pathogen entry
how do plants defend themseleves aganist disease chemically
antibacterial and other toxic chemicals come from the plant
what are three visible signs that a plant is diseased
- unusal growth
- spots or discoloured leaves
- malformed leaves or stems
plants suffer from a range of infections, what are these infections caused by
pathogens or insect pests
what four tools do you use to identify plant disease
- gardening manuals
2.garding websites - test kits containing monoclonal antibodies
- taking infected plants to the labatory to identify the pathgoen
why do plants often appear diseased
because they look unhealthy
what can be the cause of plants looking unhealthy
enviromental causes such as ion defieciencies in soil that the plants have grown in
what is a plant pathologist
a scientist that specialises in plant disease
how do plant pathoglists identify the likely pathogen
by analysing the distribution of plants with a disease
what do air borne pathogens cause
a randomm distribution of diseased plants
if plants in a very localised area have become diseased , the pathogen resposible for the disease woulld be found where?
in the soil
when a plant is infected by a pathogen, how can the pathogen’s dna be identifited
from plant tissue samples sent for diagnostic testing in the labatory
what are the disadvantages of vaccinations
- there are risks that comes with vaccinations
- some people gain side effects as a risk of vaccination
- people do not like vaccinations
what are the advantages of vaccinations
- vaccinations are cheaper than treating a seriously ill person
- when fewer people are vaccinated the number of cases of disease decreases
- if enough people in a community are vaccinated aganist a pathogen, it makes it difficult for the disease to spread because there are so few suceptible people left to infect
what is immunisation
when a person becomes resistant to a pathogen
what can immunosation be a result of
- natural exposure to a pathogen
- artifical exposure by being given a vaccination that contains a pathogen
what do both natural exposure to a pathogen or artifical exposure by being given a vaccination that contains a pathogen require
active immunity
what is active immunity
when the body produces antibodies as a response
when does passive immunity occur
- when a baby reciveves antibodies from the mothers milk
- when an injection contains antibodies
what are antibiotics
drugs that help cure antibacterial disease by only inhibiting cell processes in the infective bacteria inside the body, without affecting the host organism
what is an example of an antibiotic
penicillin
what can antibiotics be used to treat
viral pathogens
diffrent bacterial infections need what kind of antibiotics
diffrent
what has greatly reduced deaths
the use of antibiotics
why is it difficult to develop drugs to kill virus
because they have to both kill the virus and not harm the body tissues because viruses live and produce in cells
why would a doctor not prescribe antibiotics for viral infections
because they would not work
what are two examples of painkillers
- sterioids
- inflammatory medicines
what kind of medicine releaves the symptoms of viral infections
painkillers
what are symptoms of viral infections
- fever
- muscle ache
- head ache
- runny nose
what do pain killers not kill
pathogens
how do bacteria multiply
binary fission
what is binary fission
a type of cell divison where two identical cells are formed
what does aseptic mean
sterile
what is a monoclonal antibody
one specific antibody
what is the process of monoclonal antibodies
- inject a mouse with the pathogen/ antigen for that particular disease
2.the lympocytes of mouse will produce antibodies specific to that pathogen/ antigen - harvest the lympocytes from the spleen of the mouse
- fuse the lympocyte with a myloma cells
- this is to make the hybridoma cells
- screen the antibodies coming from the hydridomia cells is specific to the pathogen that was injected into the mouse
- if it is the right antibody, allow hybridoma to clone and make many more cells
- as it clones and mkes more cells it produces monoclonal antibodies
what are hybridoma cells made up of
lympocyte and myloma
what is a myloma cell
tumour cell
what does screen mean
check
what is an abbreviation for monoclonal antibodies
mABs
what are the uses for monoclonal antibodies
- diagnose diseases
- monitor and measure drug levels
3, reseach
4 treat disease
how do monoclonal antibodies diagnose diseases
antibodies are specific to the antigen of pathogen so it will fit to show a positive test
how do monoclonal antibodies monitor and measure drug levvels
homrones in drugs will be specific to the monoclonal antibodies, so it will fit and bind to it
what are two ways the monoclonal antibodies treat disease
- you can attatch the toxin/radiation/ drugs to the monoclonal antibody, inject the person with monoclonal antibody, the monoclonal antibody will fit onto the antigen and the antibody will destory the antigen of the pathogen
- send monoclonial antibodies to fit onto the antigen for the growth hormone so that the disease will stop growing
what diseease can be diagnosed by monoclonial antibodies
HIV, STDs and preganacy
what does sterilise mean
to kill bacteria
what is e.coli
is a bacteria that lives in gut, helps in digestion
what is agar
it containss nutrients and water that bacteria need to grow
what is body temperature
37 degrees
how do you work out the inhibition zone
- find the diamter
- divide by 2 to find the radius
3.pie x r x r - round to 2.dp if not told
the bigger the inhibition zone
the better the antibiotics
how do you culture in microogrnaims ( core practical)
- sterlise agar plate by heating in a pressure cooker at very high temperature
2, sterlise working area to insure no other microorhanism by using antibacterial - use flame from bunsen burner to kill microoorhanism in air around the working area
- flame the tip of the e.coli bottle to destroy any microoganisms on it
5.flame the inoculating loop to kill any microohanisms on it - allow the inoculating loop to cool down in sterile area to prevent the loop fronm killing the bacteria, before dipping it into the bottle
- spread the bacteria on the agar plate by opening the agar plate slightly and closing it immediately
8.tape the two ends of the petridish to prevent the lid from falling off and to prevent micrroorganims from leaving the agar plate - put the plate upside down in an incubatoe for the microbes to grow at 25 degrees
- this is to prevent harmful pathogen from growing in the agar
where do the initial chemical used to make a drug come from
a plant
where are most new drugs developed
in a labatory by chemists and pharmacists
what must be tested and trailed to check
- efficiency
- toxcity
- dose
what are preclinical tests done on
- cells
- tissue samples
- live animals
when should preclinical trials be carried out
before the humans are allowed to take the drugs
if preclinical trials are successful, what happens next
the new drug will proceed to clinical testing
what are the stages of clinical trials
- Healthy volunteers try small doses of the drug to check it is safe and has no side effects
- A small number of patients try the drug at a low dose to see if it works
- A larger number of patients take the new drug and different doses are trialled to find the optimum dose
- A double blind trial will occur to see how effective the new drug is. The patients are divided into groups
what is a double blind trial
it is carried out on patients who have the disease to make sure that it is actually the drug which is having an effect on the patients and not anything else.
what is the placebo
the drug the patient was originally taking so they still receive medical treatment.
do the participents of the trial know which one is the placebo and the actual drug
no
how does the computer group people taking part of the trial
randomly
each person recieves a …. code
unique
the medicine will be laballed with a … code
matching
what is non communicable disease abbreviated as
NCDs
what are the two types of cost can NCDs have
human and finacial
what groups of people can human and finical costs caused by NCDs effect
individuuals,local communitues, nationally and gloablly
what are the human costs caused by NCDs
- lower quality of life
- shorter lifespan
3.the families of the sufferer are also affected due to caring responsibilities - parental/partner death
What are financial costs due to NCDs
- Cost of health care
- Research into disease
- Awareness campaigns
- Reduced income due to inability to work
what are the finicial costs caused by NCDs
cost of health care, research into diseases, awareness campaigns. Reduced income due to inability to work, personal care costs, adaptations to the home and buying specialist equipment
What are two life style factors
Aspects of a persons lifestyles and substances taken
What are the aspects of a person life
Ack of exercise, stress levels, exposure to too much sun
What does it mean by substances taken into a persons body
High fat, cigarette smoke and alcohol
What does it mean by substances taken into their environment
Air pollution and ionising radiation
What is a hazard
The potiential source of harm
What is a risk factor
The combination of the chances of the hazard causing harm and the severity of that harm
What is harm
The damage to health or a disease that can occur
Many diseases are caused by the interaction of
A number of risk factors
What conditions can excess weight/ obesity make a person at risk of
Cardiovascular disease,stroke and type 2 diabetes
How is obesity best tackled if there is no underlying health concerns
A combination of healthy balanced diet and exercise
What does BMI stand for
Body mass indicator
What is BMI used for
Can be used to calculate if a persons weight lies within a healthy range
How do you calculate BMI
Mass / height ^2
What does being underweight indicate
A person is not getting enough food of good nutritional quality or indicate medical problems
What will a person that suffering from mal nutrition have
A weakened immune system
What will a person who is malnourished be at risk of developing
Fragile bones , fertillity problems and a lack of energy
What limitations do BMI have
It shows if a person is carrying too much weight. It does not calculate if this is fat, muscle or bone
What other method should be considered alongside BMI
Waist to hip ratio
What lifestyle factors can cardiovascular disease be affected by
Diet, smoking, lack of exercise
How is diet a risk factor to cardiovascular disease
A diet high in saturated fats can increases the levels of LDL
What is LDL
Low density lipoproteins - cholesterol plus a protein that. can cause atherosclerosis
Explain how smoking is a risk factor to cardiovascular disease
1.Tobacco smoke damages the lining of arteries leading to atherosclerosis
2. Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood so the heart has to pump harder
3. The nictine in tobacco some causes the heart to beat faster and raises blood pressure
How is lack of exercise a risk to lack of exercise
Exercising regularly lowers blood pressure and stress
What is a lifestyle risk factor for type 2 diabetes
Obesity
What is type 2 diabetes
When the cells in the body are less sensitive to insulin so the body cannot control the concentration of glucose in the blood correctly
How does obesity increase your likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes
The more fat you have around your abdomen
What two conditions is alcohol a risk factor for
Liver disease and brain function damage
How is alcohol a risk factor of liver disease
- The liver breaks down toxins in alcohol
- If you have too much alcohol, the first stage of liver disease is when the liver becomes fatty
- Eventually cirrhosis of the liver develops if you Continue to drink too much alcohol
How is alcohol a risk factor of brain function damage
- Alcohol effects the way never cells in the brain work and the cells then become damaged.
- The brain mass also shrinks
What can smoking cause
Lung disease
What is COPD
A group of lung diseases that make it difficult for people to move air in and out of the lungs
What are the two types of COPD
Bronchitis and emphysema
What is bronchitis
It is when the bronchi and bronchioles are inflamed and excess muscus is produced
What is emphysema
This affects the alveoli. The walls are broken down and they trap excess air
What is the main cause of COPD
Smoking
