health and disease Flashcards
1
Q
what is health
A
health is a state of phycial and mental welbeing
2
Q
what are two types of diseases
A
communicable and non communicable
3
Q
what are communicable diseases
A
diseases that can spread from one person to another because they are caused by pathogens
4
Q
what is a pathogen
A
a microorganism that causes diseases
5
Q
what do all pathogens cause
A
disease
6
Q
what is an microorganism
A
an organism that can’t be seen with the naked eye and only with a microscope
7
Q
what are all microorganism not ?
A
pathigens
8
Q
what are four examples of pathogens
A
bacteria, virus, fungi and protists
9
Q
what are non-communicable diseases
A
diseases that can’t spread from one person to another because they are not caused by pathogens
10
Q
two examples of non-communicable disease
A
cancer and coronary heart disease
11
Q
when communicable and non communicable diseases interact, what can they sometimes cause ?
A
Sometimes non-communicable and communicable diseases can interact to cause ill health
12
Q
what are examples of how communciable and non communicable disease can sometimes cause ill health
A
- HPV, which is communicable disease, can cause cervical cancer which is a non communicable disease
- hepititis is a communciable disease and can cause liver cacer which is commmunicable
13
Q
what can poor physical health lead to
A
poor mental health
14
Q
what does pathogens cause
A
disease
15
Q
what do vaccinations do
A
make you immune
16
Q
what is a vector ( in terms of health and disease )
A
an organism that carries disease
17
Q
what is a vacine
A
a dead form of a pathogen
18
Q
what is a vaccination
A
the process of putting dead forms of pathogens into your body
19
Q
what diseases do bacteria cause
A
cholera, tuberculosis, chlamydia and helicobacter pylori
20
Q
what is a symptom of chlorea
A
diarrhoea
21
Q
what is a symptom of chlamydia
A
infertillity
22
Q
what is a symptom of helicobacter pylori
A
stomach ulcers and vomiting
23
Q
how is chlorea transmitted
A
through infected water
24
Q
how is tuberculosis transmitted
A
through air
25
how is chlamydia transmitted
through body fluid
26
how is heliobacter pylori transmitted
through contaminated food and water
27
how do you prevent chlorea
by practicing good hygiene and drinking clean water
28
how do you prevent tuberculosis
avoid overcrowding and practice good hygiene
29
how do you preven chlamydia
condoms and abstience
30
how do you prevent helicobacter pylori
good hygiene and drinking clean water
31
what diseases to fungi cause
chalara ash dieback
32
what is a symptom of cholera ash dieback
leaf loss
33
how is chalara ash dieback transmitted
through air
34
how do you prevent chalara ash dieback
remove infected plant and restrict tree movement
35
what diseases does viruses cause
HIV and ebola
36
what is symptom of HIV
destroys immune system
37
what is a symptom of ebola
hemorrhagic fever
38
how is HIV transmitted
through body fluids
39
how is ebola transmittred
through body fluids
40
what does HIV stand for
human immunodeficiency virus
41
how can you prevent HIV
condoms or absteince
42
how can you prevent ebola
isolation and sterilisation
43
how is chlymdia treated
with antibiotics
44
how is HIV treated
using antiretroviral drugs
45
does HIV have a cure
no
46
does chlymadia have a cure
yesss
47
what can antibiotics only cure
bacteria
48
are all Bactria pathogens
no
49
are all viruses pathogens
yes
50
are all fungi pathogens
no
51
are all protists pathoens
most of them are
52
what allows pathogens to enter the body
any opening
53
what happens if pathogens enter your mouth
it will go into the stomach and the stomach acid will kill the pathogen
54
what is the name of the acid that the stomach acid is made of
hydrochloric acid
55
what happens if patogens enter the eyes
our tears and sweat contain enzymes that destroy the pathogen (lysosozmes)
56
what kind of barrier is your skin
a physical barrier thaat prevents pathogens from enetering the body
57
what happens if pathogens enter the nose
the muscus will trap the pathogen in your nose and trachea, cillia will sweep the muscus into your throat and you will cough it out
58
what are cillia
hair like structures in the trachea
59
what cells are used as the bodies defence system
white blood cells
60
what are the names of the two types of white blood cells
lymphocytes and phagocytes
61
what is the role of a phagocyte
to engulf and digest the pathogens
62
can phagocytes change shaoe
yesss
63
what are phagocytes
nonspecific defensive system and deal with any pathogens this way
64
are lymphocytes specific or non specific
specific
65
what are lymphocytes
the specific immune system
66
what is the role of a lymphocyte
to produce antibodies that are specific to the pathogen, destory the pathogen and produice antitoxins to neutralise the tozzins produced by the pathogens
67
what is an antibody
a protein thatg destroys pathogens and must be specific to the pathogen
68
where are antigens found
on pathogens and all cells
69
what is an antigen
a protein
70
what are anti toxins
chemicals
71
the shape of the antibody and antigen are....
complemen tary
72
what can't phagocytes do by themselves
destroy the antigen
73
what must the antibody be
specific to the antigen of the pathogen
74
what is active immunity caused by
you getting the disease and developing immunity for the disease
75
what is herd immunity
when most of the people in a community are vaccinated
76
if there is herd immunity then what happens
you are less likely to get disease when someone gets it and passes it on to those who have not been vaccinated
77
what happens when uou are inject with a vaccine
1. the lymphtocytes will produce antibodies that are specific to that pathogen
2. the lympocytes will then destory the pathogen
3. memory lymphotcytes are stored in blood and remeber the correct antitbodies
4. this is so that when you are infected with the real disease antibodies are porduced rapudly in large quantity to destory the pathogen
5. this leads to passive immunity
78
are viruses living organisms
no
79
what can viruses not reproduce without
a host cell
80
what are the two types of life cycles of a vircus
lysogenic and lyptic
80
how does a lyptic life cycle of a virus work
1. the virus attaches itself to a living host cell and injects its genetic matriel
2. host cell follows the viral genetic instructions by using its proteins and enzymes to make viral copies
3. the host membrane will either rupture or lyses
4.this releases many viruses which can infect other cells
81
how does a lysogenic life cycle of a virus work
1. the virus attaches itself to a living host cell and injects its genetic matriel
2. viral dna becomes encourparated into the bacterial dna
3. when the host replicates, the viral dna is also replicated
4.many cell diviosn occur but the viral dna remains dormant
5. a trigger causes the viral dna to seperate and enter the lytic cycle
82
what is an STI
it is passed from one person to another through unprotected sex
83
what does STI stand for
sexually transmittedd infection
84
what are threetypes of ways that plants can defend themselves aganist disease
chemically, physically, mechanically
85
how do plants defend themselves aganist disease mechanically
1. thorns can make plants painful if eaten by herbivores
2. touch can make mimosia leaves curl which frightens animals
86
how do plants defend themselves aganist disease physicallhy
bark,thick waxy cuticles, tough cellulose walls defend the plant from pathogen entry
87
how do plants defend themseleves aganist disease chemically
antibacterial and other toxic chemicals come from the plant
88
what are three visible signs that a plant is diseased
1. unusal growth
2. spots or discoloured leaves
3. malformed leaves or stems
89
plants suffer from a range of infections, what are these infections caused by
pathogens or insect pests
90
what four tools do you use to identify plant disease
1. gardening manuals
2.garding websites
3. test kits containing monoclonal antibodies
4. taking infected plants to the labatory to identify the pathgoen
91
why do plants often appear diseased
because they look unhealthy
92
what can be the cause of plants looking unhealthy
enviromental causes such as ion defieciencies in soil that the plants have grown in
93
what is a plant pathologist
a scientist that specialises in plant disease
94
how do plant pathoglists identify the likely pathogen
by analysing the distribution of plants with a disease
95
what do air borne pathogens cause
a randomm distribution of diseased plants
96
if plants in a very localised area have become diseased , the pathogen resposible for the disease woulld be found where?
in the soil
97
when a plant is infected by a pathogen, how can the pathogen's dna be identifited
from plant tissue samples sent for diagnostic testing in the labatory
98
what are the disadvantages of vaccinations
1. there are risks that comes with vaccinations
2. some people gain side effects as a risk of vaccination
3. people do not like vaccinations
99
what are the advantages of vaccinations
1. vaccinations are cheaper than treating a seriously ill person
2. when fewer people are vaccinated the number of cases of disease decreases
3. if enough people in a community are vaccinated aganist a pathogen, it makes it difficult for the disease to spread because there are so few suceptible people left to infect
100
what is immunisation
when a person becomes resistant to a pathogen
101
what can immunosation be a result of
1. natural exposure to a pathogen
2. artifical exposure by being given a vaccination that contains a pathogen
102
what do both natural exposure to a pathogen or artifical exposure by being given a vaccination that contains a pathogen require
active immunity
103
what is active immunity
when the body produces antibodies as a response
104
when does passive immunity occur
1. when a baby reciveves antibodies from the mothers milk
2. when an injection contains antibodies
105
what are antibiotics
drugs that help cure antibacterial disease by only inhibiting cell processes in the infective bacteria inside the body, without affecting the host organism
106
what is an example of an antibiotic
penicillin
107
what can antibiotics be used to treat
viral pathogens
108
diffrent bacterial infections need what kind of antibiotics
diffrent
109
what has greatly reduced deaths
the use of antibiotics
110
why is it difficult to develop drugs to kill virus
because they have to both kill the virus and not harm the body tissues because viruses live and produce in cells
111
why would a doctor not prescribe antibiotics for viral infections
because they would not work
112
what are two examples of painkillers
1. sterioids
2. inflammatory medicines
113
what kind of medicine releaves the symptoms of viral infections
painkillers
114
what are symptoms of viral infections
1. fever
2. muscle ache
3. head ache
4. runny nose
115
what do pain killers not kill
pathogens
116
how do bacteria multiply
binary fission
117
what is binary fission
a type of cell divison where two identical cells are formed
118
what does aseptic mean
sterile
119
what is a monoclonal antibody
one specific antibody
120
what is the process of monoclonal antibodies
1. inject a mouse with the pathogen/ antigen for that particular disease
2.the lympocytes of mouse will produce antibodies specific to that pathogen/ antigen
3. harvest the lympocytes from the spleen of the mouse
4. fuse the lympocyte with a myloma cells
5. this is to make the hybridoma cells
6. screen the antibodies coming from the hydridomia cells is specific to the pathogen that was injected into the mouse
7. if it is the right antibody, allow hybridoma to clone and make many more cells
8. as it clones and mkes more cells it produces monoclonal antibodies
121
what are hybridoma cells made up of
lympocyte and myloma
122
what is a myloma cell
tumour cell
123
what does screen mean
check
124
what is an abbreviation for monoclonal antibodies
mABs
125
what are the uses for monoclonal antibodies
1. diagnose diseases
2. monitor and measure drug levels
3, reseach
4 treat disease
126
how do monoclonal antibodies diagnose diseases
antibodies are specific to the antigen of pathogen so it will fit to show a positive test
127
how do monoclonal antibodies monitor and measure drug levvels
homrones in drugs will be specific to the monoclonal antibodies, so it will fit and bind to it
128
what are two ways the monoclonal antibodies treat disease
1. you can attatch the toxin/radiation/ drugs to the monoclonal antibody, inject the person with monoclonal antibody, the monoclonal antibody will fit onto the antigen and the antibody will destory the antigen of the pathogen
2. send monoclonial antibodies to fit onto the antigen for the growth hormone so that the disease will stop growing
129
what diseease can be diagnosed by monoclonial antibodies
HIV, STDs and preganacy
130
what does sterilise mean
to kill bacteria
131
what is e.coli
is a bacteria that lives in gut, helps in digestion
132
what is agar
it containss nutrients and water that bacteria need to grow
133
what is body temperature
37 degrees
134
how do you work out the inhibition zone
1. find the diamter
2. divide by 2 to find the radius
3.pie x r x r
4. round to 2.dp if not told
135
the bigger the inhibition zone
the better the antibiotics
136
how do you culture in microogrnaims ( core practical)
1. sterlise agar plate by heating in a pressure cooker at very high temperature
2, sterlise working area to insure no other microorhanism by using antibacterial
3. use flame from bunsen burner to kill microoorhanism in air around the working area
4. flame the tip of the e.coli bottle to destroy any microoganisms on it
5.flame the inoculating loop to kill any microohanisms on it
6. allow the inoculating loop to cool down in sterile area to prevent the loop fronm killing the bacteria, before dipping it into the bottle
7. spread the bacteria on the agar plate by opening the agar plate slightly and closing it immediately
8.tape the two ends of the petridish to prevent the lid from falling off and to prevent micrroorganims from leaving the agar plate
9. put the plate upside down in an incubatoe for the microbes to grow at 25 degrees
10. this is to prevent harmful pathogen from growing in the agar
137
where do the initial chemical used to make a drug come from
a plant
138
where are most new drugs developed
in a labatory by chemists and pharmacists
139
what must be tested and trailed to check
1. efficiency
2. toxcity
3. dose
140
what are preclinical tests done on
1. cells
2. tissue samples
3. live animals
141
142
when should preclinical trials be carried out
before the humans are allowed to take the drugs
143
if preclinical trials are successful, what happens next
the new drug will proceed to clinical testing
144
what are the stages of clinical trials
1. Healthy volunteers try small doses of the drug to check it is safe and has no side effects
2. A small number of patients try the drug at a low dose to see if it works
3. A larger number of patients take the new drug and different doses are trialled to find the optimum dose
4. A double blind trial will occur to see how effective the new drug is. The patients are divided into groups
145
what is a double blind trial
it is carried out on patients who have the disease to make sure that it is actually the drug which is having an effect on the patients and not anything else.
146
what is the placebo
the drug the patient was originally taking so they still receive medical treatment.
147
do the participents of the trial know which one is the placebo and the actual drug
no
148
how does the computer group people taking part of the trial
randomly
149
each person recieves a .... code
unique
150
the medicine will be laballed with a ... code
matching
151
what is non communicable disease abbreviated as
NCDs
152
what are the two types of cost can NCDs have
human and finacial
153
what groups of people can human and finical costs caused by NCDs effect
individuuals,local communitues, nationally and gloablly
154
what are the human costs caused by NCDs
1. lower quality of life
2. shorter lifespan
3.the families of the sufferer are also affected due to caring responsibilities
4. parental/partner death
155
What are financial costs due to NCDs
1. Cost of health care
2. Research into disease
3. Awareness campaigns
4. Reduced income due to inability to work
156
what are the finicial costs caused by NCDs
cost of health care, research into diseases, awareness campaigns. Reduced income due to inability to work, personal care costs, adaptations to the home and buying specialist equipment
157
What are two life style factors
Aspects of a persons lifestyles and substances taken
158
What are the aspects of a person life
Ack of exercise, stress levels, exposure to too much sun
159
What does it mean by substances taken into a persons body
High fat, cigarette smoke and alcohol
160
What does it mean by substances taken into their environment
Air pollution and ionising radiation
161
What is a hazard
The potiential source of harm
162
What is a risk factor
The combination of the chances of the hazard causing harm and the severity of that harm
163
What is harm
The damage to health or a disease that can occur
164
Many diseases are caused by the interaction of
A number of risk factors
165
What conditions can excess weight/ obesity make a person at risk of
Cardiovascular disease,stroke and type 2 diabetes
166
How is obesity best tackled if there is no underlying health concerns
A combination of healthy balanced diet and exercise
167
What does BMI stand for
Body mass indicator
168
What is BMI used for
Can be used to calculate if a persons weight lies within a healthy range
169
How do you calculate BMI
Mass / height ^2
170
What does being underweight indicate
A person is not getting enough food of good nutritional quality or indicate medical problems
171
What will a person that suffering from mal nutrition have
A weakened immune system
172
What will a person who is malnourished be at risk of developing
Fragile bones , fertillity problems and a lack of energy
173
What limitations do BMI have
It shows if a person is carrying too much weight. It does not calculate if this is fat, muscle or bone
174
What other method should be considered alongside BMI
Waist to hip ratio
175
What lifestyle factors can cardiovascular disease be affected by
Diet, smoking, lack of exercise
176
How is diet a risk factor to cardiovascular disease
A diet high in saturated fats can increases the levels of LDL
177
What is LDL
Low density lipoproteins - cholesterol plus a protein that. can cause atherosclerosis
178
Explain how smoking is a risk factor to cardiovascular disease
1.Tobacco smoke damages the lining of arteries leading to atherosclerosis
2. Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood so the heart has to pump harder
3. The nictine in tobacco some causes the heart to beat faster and raises blood pressure
179
How is lack of exercise a risk to lack of exercise
Exercising regularly lowers blood pressure and stress
180
What is a lifestyle risk factor for type 2 diabetes
Obesity
181
What is type 2 diabetes
When the cells in the body are less sensitive to insulin so the body cannot control the concentration of glucose in the blood correctly
182
How does obesity increase your likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes
The more fat you have around your abdomen
183
What two conditions is alcohol a risk factor for
Liver disease and brain function damage
184
How is alcohol a risk factor of liver disease
1. The liver breaks down toxins in alcohol
2. If you have too much alcohol, the first stage of liver disease is when the liver becomes fatty
3. Eventually cirrhosis of the liver develops if you Continue to drink too much alcohol
185
How is alcohol a risk factor of brain function damage
1. Alcohol effects the way never cells in the brain work and the cells then become damaged.
2. The brain mass also shrinks
186
What can smoking cause
Lung disease
187
What is COPD
A group of lung diseases that make it difficult for people to move air in and out of the lungs
188
What are the two types of COPD
Bronchitis and emphysema
189
What is bronchitis
It is when the bronchi and bronchioles are inflamed and excess muscus is produced
190
What is emphysema
This affects the alveoli. The walls are broken down and they trap excess air
191
What is the main cause of COPD
Smoking
