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Biology > health and disease > Flashcards

health and disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is health

A

health is a state of phycial and mental welbeing

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2
Q

what are two types of diseases

A

communicable and non communicable

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3
Q

what are communicable diseases

A

diseases that can spread from one person to another because they are caused by pathogens

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4
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a microorganism that causes diseases

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5
Q

what do all pathogens cause

A

disease

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6
Q

what is an microorganism

A

an organism that can’t be seen with the naked eye and only with a microscope

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7
Q

what are all microorganism not ?

A

pathigens

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8
Q

what are four examples of pathogens

A

bacteria, virus, fungi and protists

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9
Q

what are non-communicable diseases

A

diseases that can’t spread from one person to another because they are not caused by pathogens

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10
Q

two examples of non-communicable disease

A

cancer and coronary heart disease

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11
Q

when communicable and non communicable diseases interact, what can they sometimes cause ?

A

Sometimes non-communicable and communicable diseases can interact to cause ill health

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12
Q

what are examples of how communciable and non communicable disease can sometimes cause ill health

A
  1. HPV, which is communicable disease, can cause cervical cancer which is a non communicable disease
  2. hepititis is a communciable disease and can cause liver cacer which is commmunicable
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13
Q

what can poor physical health lead to

A

poor mental health

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14
Q

what does pathogens cause

A

disease

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15
Q

what do vaccinations do

A

make you immune

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16
Q

what is a vector ( in terms of health and disease )

A

an organism that carries disease

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17
Q

what is a vacine

A

a dead form of a pathogen

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18
Q

what is a vaccination

A

the process of putting dead forms of pathogens into your body

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19
Q

what diseases do bacteria cause

A

cholera, tuberculosis, chlamydia and helicobacter pylori

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20
Q

what is a symptom of chlorea

A

diarrhoea

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21
Q

what is a symptom of chlamydia

A

infertillity

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22
Q

what is a symptom of helicobacter pylori

A

stomach ulcers and vomiting

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23
Q

how is chlorea transmitted

A

through infected water

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24
Q

how is tuberculosis transmitted

A

through air

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25
Q

how is chlamydia transmitted

A

through body fluid

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26
Q

how is heliobacter pylori transmitted

A

through contaminated food and water

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27
Q

how do you prevent chlorea

A

by practicing good hygiene and drinking clean water

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28
Q

how do you prevent tuberculosis

A

avoid overcrowding and practice good hygiene

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29
Q

how do you preven chlamydia

A

condoms and abstience

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30
Q

how do you prevent helicobacter pylori

A

good hygiene and drinking clean water

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31
Q

what diseases to fungi cause

A

chalara ash dieback

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32
Q

what is a symptom of cholera ash dieback

A

leaf loss

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33
Q

how is chalara ash dieback transmitted

A

through air

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34
Q

how do you prevent chalara ash dieback

A

remove infected plant and restrict tree movement

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35
Q

what diseases does viruses cause

A

HIV and ebola

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36
Q

what is symptom of HIV

A

destroys immune system

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37
Q

what is a symptom of ebola

A

hemorrhagic fever

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38
Q

how is HIV transmitted

A

through body fluids

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39
Q

how is ebola transmittred

A

through body fluids

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40
Q

what does HIV stand for

A

human immunodeficiency virus

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41
Q

how can you prevent HIV

A

condoms or absteince

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42
Q

how can you prevent ebola

A

isolation and sterilisation

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43
Q

how is chlymdia treated

A

with antibiotics

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44
Q

how is HIV treated

A

using antiretroviral drugs

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45
Q

does HIV have a cure

A

no

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46
Q

does chlymadia have a cure

A

yesss

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47
Q

what can antibiotics only cure

A

bacteria

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48
Q

are all Bactria pathogens

A

no

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49
Q

are all viruses pathogens

A

yes

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50
Q

are all fungi pathogens

A

no

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51
Q

are all protists pathoens

A

most of them are

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52
Q

what allows pathogens to enter the body

A

any opening

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53
Q

what happens if pathogens enter your mouth

A

it will go into the stomach and the stomach acid will kill the pathogen

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54
Q

what is the name of the acid that the stomach acid is made of

A

hydrochloric acid

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55
Q

what happens if patogens enter the eyes

A

our tears and sweat contain enzymes that destroy the pathogen (lysosozmes)

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56
Q

what kind of barrier is your skin

A

a physical barrier thaat prevents pathogens from enetering the body

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57
Q

what happens if pathogens enter the nose

A

the muscus will trap the pathogen in your nose and trachea, cillia will sweep the muscus into your throat and you will cough it out

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58
Q

what are cillia

A

hair like structures in the trachea

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59
Q

what cells are used as the bodies defence system

A

white blood cells

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60
Q

what are the names of the two types of white blood cells

A

lymphocytes and phagocytes

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61
Q

what is the role of a phagocyte

A

to engulf and digest the pathogens

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62
Q

can phagocytes change shaoe

A

yesss

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63
Q

what are phagocytes

A

nonspecific defensive system and deal with any pathogens this way

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64
Q

are lymphocytes specific or non specific

A

specific

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65
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

the specific immune system

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66
Q

what is the role of a lymphocyte

A

to produce antibodies that are specific to the pathogen, destory the pathogen and produice antitoxins to neutralise the tozzins produced by the pathogens

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67
Q

what is an antibody

A

a protein thatg destroys pathogens and must be specific to the pathogen

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68
Q

where are antigens found

A

on pathogens and all cells

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69
Q

what is an antigen

A

a protein

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70
Q

what are anti toxins

A

chemicals

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71
Q

the shape of the antibody and antigen are….

A

complemen tary

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72
Q

what can’t phagocytes do by themselves

A

destroy the antigen

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73
Q

what must the antibody be

A

specific to the antigen of the pathogen

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74
Q

what is active immunity caused by

A

you getting the disease and developing immunity for the disease

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75
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when most of the people in a community are vaccinated

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76
Q

if there is herd immunity then what happens

A

you are less likely to get disease when someone gets it and passes it on to those who have not been vaccinated

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77
Q

what happens when uou are inject with a vaccine

A
  1. the lymphtocytes will produce antibodies that are specific to that pathogen
  2. the lympocytes will then destory the pathogen
  3. memory lymphotcytes are stored in blood and remeber the correct antitbodies
  4. this is so that when you are infected with the real disease antibodies are porduced rapudly in large quantity to destory the pathogen
  5. this leads to passive immunity
78
Q

are viruses living organisms

A

no

79
Q

what can viruses not reproduce without

A

a host cell

80
Q

what are the two types of life cycles of a vircus

A

lysogenic and lyptic

80
Q

how does a lyptic life cycle of a virus work

A
  1. the virus attaches itself to a living host cell and injects its genetic matriel
  2. host cell follows the viral genetic instructions by using its proteins and enzymes to make viral copies
  3. the host membrane will either rupture or lyses
    4.this releases many viruses which can infect other cells
81
Q

how does a lysogenic life cycle of a virus work

A
  1. the virus attaches itself to a living host cell and injects its genetic matriel
  2. viral dna becomes encourparated into the bacterial dna
  3. when the host replicates, the viral dna is also replicated
    4.many cell diviosn occur but the viral dna remains dormant
  4. a trigger causes the viral dna to seperate and enter the lytic cycle
82
Q

what is an STI

A

it is passed from one person to another through unprotected sex

83
Q

what does STI stand for

A

sexually transmittedd infection

84
Q

what are threetypes of ways that plants can defend themselves aganist disease

A

chemically, physically, mechanically

85
Q

how do plants defend themselves aganist disease mechanically

A
  1. thorns can make plants painful if eaten by herbivores
  2. touch can make mimosia leaves curl which frightens animals
86
Q

how do plants defend themselves aganist disease physicallhy

A

bark,thick waxy cuticles, tough cellulose walls defend the plant from pathogen entry

87
Q

how do plants defend themseleves aganist disease chemically

A

antibacterial and other toxic chemicals come from the plant

88
Q

what are three visible signs that a plant is diseased

A
  1. unusal growth
  2. spots or discoloured leaves
  3. malformed leaves or stems
89
Q

plants suffer from a range of infections, what are these infections caused by

A

pathogens or insect pests

90
Q

what four tools do you use to identify plant disease

A
  1. gardening manuals
    2.garding websites
  2. test kits containing monoclonal antibodies
  3. taking infected plants to the labatory to identify the pathgoen
91
Q

why do plants often appear diseased

A

because they look unhealthy

92
Q

what can be the cause of plants looking unhealthy

A

enviromental causes such as ion defieciencies in soil that the plants have grown in

93
Q

what is a plant pathologist

A

a scientist that specialises in plant disease

94
Q

how do plant pathoglists identify the likely pathogen

A

by analysing the distribution of plants with a disease

95
Q

what do air borne pathogens cause

A

a randomm distribution of diseased plants

96
Q

if plants in a very localised area have become diseased , the pathogen resposible for the disease woulld be found where?

A

in the soil

97
Q

when a plant is infected by a pathogen, how can the pathogen’s dna be identifited

A

from plant tissue samples sent for diagnostic testing in the labatory

98
Q

what are the disadvantages of vaccinations

A
  1. there are risks that comes with vaccinations
  2. some people gain side effects as a risk of vaccination
  3. people do not like vaccinations
99
Q

what are the advantages of vaccinations

A
  1. vaccinations are cheaper than treating a seriously ill person
  2. when fewer people are vaccinated the number of cases of disease decreases
  3. if enough people in a community are vaccinated aganist a pathogen, it makes it difficult for the disease to spread because there are so few suceptible people left to infect
100
Q

what is immunisation

A

when a person becomes resistant to a pathogen

101
Q

what can immunosation be a result of

A
  1. natural exposure to a pathogen
  2. artifical exposure by being given a vaccination that contains a pathogen
102
Q

what do both natural exposure to a pathogen or artifical exposure by being given a vaccination that contains a pathogen require

A

active immunity

103
Q

what is active immunity

A

when the body produces antibodies as a response

104
Q

when does passive immunity occur

A
  1. when a baby reciveves antibodies from the mothers milk
  2. when an injection contains antibodies
105
Q

what are antibiotics

A

drugs that help cure antibacterial disease by only inhibiting cell processes in the infective bacteria inside the body, without affecting the host organism

106
Q

what is an example of an antibiotic

A

penicillin

107
Q

what can antibiotics be used to treat

A

viral pathogens

108
Q

diffrent bacterial infections need what kind of antibiotics

A

diffrent

109
Q

what has greatly reduced deaths

A

the use of antibiotics

110
Q

why is it difficult to develop drugs to kill virus

A

because they have to both kill the virus and not harm the body tissues because viruses live and produce in cells

111
Q

why would a doctor not prescribe antibiotics for viral infections

A

because they would not work

112
Q

what are two examples of painkillers

A
  1. sterioids
  2. inflammatory medicines
113
Q

what kind of medicine releaves the symptoms of viral infections

A

painkillers

114
Q

what are symptoms of viral infections

A
  1. fever
  2. muscle ache
  3. head ache
  4. runny nose
115
Q

what do pain killers not kill

A

pathogens

116
Q

how do bacteria multiply

A

binary fission

117
Q

what is binary fission

A

a type of cell divison where two identical cells are formed

118
Q

what does aseptic mean

A

sterile

119
Q

what is a monoclonal antibody

A

one specific antibody

120
Q

what is the process of monoclonal antibodies

A
  1. inject a mouse with the pathogen/ antigen for that particular disease
    2.the lympocytes of mouse will produce antibodies specific to that pathogen/ antigen
  2. harvest the lympocytes from the spleen of the mouse
  3. fuse the lympocyte with a myloma cells
  4. this is to make the hybridoma cells
  5. screen the antibodies coming from the hydridomia cells is specific to the pathogen that was injected into the mouse
  6. if it is the right antibody, allow hybridoma to clone and make many more cells
  7. as it clones and mkes more cells it produces monoclonal antibodies
121
Q

what are hybridoma cells made up of

A

lympocyte and myloma

122
Q

what is a myloma cell

A

tumour cell

123
Q

what does screen mean

A

check

124
Q

what is an abbreviation for monoclonal antibodies

A

mABs

125
Q

what are the uses for monoclonal antibodies

A
  1. diagnose diseases
  2. monitor and measure drug levels
    3, reseach
    4 treat disease
126
Q

how do monoclonal antibodies diagnose diseases

A

antibodies are specific to the antigen of pathogen so it will fit to show a positive test

127
Q

how do monoclonal antibodies monitor and measure drug levvels

A

homrones in drugs will be specific to the monoclonal antibodies, so it will fit and bind to it

128
Q

what are two ways the monoclonal antibodies treat disease

A
  1. you can attatch the toxin/radiation/ drugs to the monoclonal antibody, inject the person with monoclonal antibody, the monoclonal antibody will fit onto the antigen and the antibody will destory the antigen of the pathogen
  2. send monoclonial antibodies to fit onto the antigen for the growth hormone so that the disease will stop growing
129
Q

what diseease can be diagnosed by monoclonial antibodies

A

HIV, STDs and preganacy

130
Q

what does sterilise mean

A

to kill bacteria

131
Q

what is e.coli

A

is a bacteria that lives in gut, helps in digestion

132
Q

what is agar

A

it containss nutrients and water that bacteria need to grow

133
Q

what is body temperature

A

37 degrees

134
Q

how do you work out the inhibition zone

A
  1. find the diamter
  2. divide by 2 to find the radius
    3.pie x r x r
  3. round to 2.dp if not told
135
Q

the bigger the inhibition zone

A

the better the antibiotics

136
Q

how do you culture in microogrnaims ( core practical)

A
  1. sterlise agar plate by heating in a pressure cooker at very high temperature
    2, sterlise working area to insure no other microorhanism by using antibacterial
  2. use flame from bunsen burner to kill microoorhanism in air around the working area
  3. flame the tip of the e.coli bottle to destroy any microoganisms on it
    5.flame the inoculating loop to kill any microohanisms on it
  4. allow the inoculating loop to cool down in sterile area to prevent the loop fronm killing the bacteria, before dipping it into the bottle
  5. spread the bacteria on the agar plate by opening the agar plate slightly and closing it immediately
    8.tape the two ends of the petridish to prevent the lid from falling off and to prevent micrroorganims from leaving the agar plate
  6. put the plate upside down in an incubatoe for the microbes to grow at 25 degrees
  7. this is to prevent harmful pathogen from growing in the agar
137
Q

where do the initial chemical used to make a drug come from

A

a plant

138
Q

where are most new drugs developed

A

in a labatory by chemists and pharmacists

139
Q

what must be tested and trailed to check

A
  1. efficiency
  2. toxcity
  3. dose
140
Q

what are preclinical tests done on

A
  1. cells
  2. tissue samples
  3. live animals
141
Q
A
142
Q

when should preclinical trials be carried out

A

before the humans are allowed to take the drugs

143
Q

if preclinical trials are successful, what happens next

A

the new drug will proceed to clinical testing

144
Q

what are the stages of clinical trials

A
  1. Healthy volunteers try small doses of the drug to check it is safe and has no side effects
  2. A small number of patients try the drug at a low dose to see if it works
  3. A larger number of patients take the new drug and different doses are trialled to find the optimum dose
  4. A double blind trial will occur to see how effective the new drug is. The patients are divided into groups
145
Q

what is a double blind trial

A

it is carried out on patients who have the disease to make sure that it is actually the drug which is having an effect on the patients and not anything else.

146
Q

what is the placebo

A

the drug the patient was originally taking so they still receive medical treatment.

147
Q

do the participents of the trial know which one is the placebo and the actual drug

A

no

148
Q

how does the computer group people taking part of the trial

A

randomly

149
Q

each person recieves a …. code

A

unique

150
Q

the medicine will be laballed with a … code

A

matching

151
Q

what is non communicable disease abbreviated as

A

NCDs

152
Q

what are the two types of cost can NCDs have

A

human and finacial

153
Q

what groups of people can human and finical costs caused by NCDs effect

A

individuuals,local communitues, nationally and gloablly

154
Q

what are the human costs caused by NCDs

A
  1. lower quality of life
  2. shorter lifespan
    3.the families of the sufferer are also affected due to caring responsibilities
  3. parental/partner death
155
Q

What are financial costs due to NCDs

A
  1. Cost of health care
  2. Research into disease
  3. Awareness campaigns
  4. Reduced income due to inability to work
156
Q

what are the finicial costs caused by NCDs

A

cost of health care, research into diseases, awareness campaigns. Reduced income due to inability to work, personal care costs, adaptations to the home and buying specialist equipment

157
Q

What are two life style factors

A

Aspects of a persons lifestyles and substances taken

158
Q

What are the aspects of a person life

A

Ack of exercise, stress levels, exposure to too much sun

159
Q

What does it mean by substances taken into a persons body

A

High fat, cigarette smoke and alcohol

160
Q

What does it mean by substances taken into their environment

A

Air pollution and ionising radiation

161
Q

What is a hazard

A

The potiential source of harm

162
Q

What is a risk factor

A

The combination of the chances of the hazard causing harm and the severity of that harm

163
Q

What is harm

A

The damage to health or a disease that can occur

164
Q

Many diseases are caused by the interaction of

A

A number of risk factors

165
Q

What conditions can excess weight/ obesity make a person at risk of

A

Cardiovascular disease,stroke and type 2 diabetes

166
Q

How is obesity best tackled if there is no underlying health concerns

A

A combination of healthy balanced diet and exercise

167
Q

What does BMI stand for

A

Body mass indicator

168
Q

What is BMI used for

A

Can be used to calculate if a persons weight lies within a healthy range

169
Q

How do you calculate BMI

A

Mass / height ^2

170
Q

What does being underweight indicate

A

A person is not getting enough food of good nutritional quality or indicate medical problems

171
Q

What will a person that suffering from mal nutrition have

A

A weakened immune system

172
Q

What will a person who is malnourished be at risk of developing

A

Fragile bones , fertillity problems and a lack of energy

173
Q

What limitations do BMI have

A

It shows if a person is carrying too much weight. It does not calculate if this is fat, muscle or bone

174
Q

What other method should be considered alongside BMI

A

Waist to hip ratio

175
Q

What lifestyle factors can cardiovascular disease be affected by

A

Diet, smoking, lack of exercise

176
Q

How is diet a risk factor to cardiovascular disease

A

A diet high in saturated fats can increases the levels of LDL

177
Q

What is LDL

A

Low density lipoproteins - cholesterol plus a protein that. can cause atherosclerosis

178
Q

Explain how smoking is a risk factor to cardiovascular disease

A

1.Tobacco smoke damages the lining of arteries leading to atherosclerosis
2. Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood so the heart has to pump harder
3. The nictine in tobacco some causes the heart to beat faster and raises blood pressure

179
Q

How is lack of exercise a risk to lack of exercise

A

Exercising regularly lowers blood pressure and stress

180
Q

What is a lifestyle risk factor for type 2 diabetes

A

Obesity

181
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

When the cells in the body are less sensitive to insulin so the body cannot control the concentration of glucose in the blood correctly

182
Q

How does obesity increase your likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes

A

The more fat you have around your abdomen

183
Q

What two conditions is alcohol a risk factor for

A

Liver disease and brain function damage

184
Q

How is alcohol a risk factor of liver disease

A
  1. The liver breaks down toxins in alcohol
  2. If you have too much alcohol, the first stage of liver disease is when the liver becomes fatty
  3. Eventually cirrhosis of the liver develops if you Continue to drink too much alcohol
185
Q

How is alcohol a risk factor of brain function damage

A
  1. Alcohol effects the way never cells in the brain work and the cells then become damaged.
  2. The brain mass also shrinks
186
Q

What can smoking cause

A

Lung disease

187
Q

What is COPD

A

A group of lung diseases that make it difficult for people to move air in and out of the lungs

188
Q

What are the two types of COPD

A

Bronchitis and emphysema

189
Q

What is bronchitis

A

It is when the bronchi and bronchioles are inflamed and excess muscus is produced

190
Q

What is emphysema

A

This affects the alveoli. The walls are broken down and they trap excess air

191
Q

What is the main cause of COPD

A

Smoking

Biology (15 decks)

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