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Biology 2 - Test 2 > Plant Diversity I > Flashcards

Plant Diversity I Flashcards

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1
Q

Plants are ____.

A

terrestrial organisms that evolved from semi-aquatic green algae.

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2
Q

Shared Characters(Plants)

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Eukaryotic
  3. Photosynthetic
  4. Cell walls contain cellulose
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3
Q

What is the closest land plant relative?

A

Charophyceans

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4
Q

Charophyceans

A

Aquatic but living in ephemeral(sometimes water sometimes draught) bodies of water.

  • Seasonal waters come in and out force them to adapt to draughts and eventually create land plants
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5
Q

Shared Characters between Plants and Charophyceans

A
  1. Rose shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis.
    • algae tend to be linear
  2. Similar peroxisome enzymes
    • for toxic and metabolic processes
  3. Similar flagellated sperm
  4. Phragmoplast(specialized microtubules) forms during cell division
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6
Q

Shared Characters between Plants and Charophyceans:

cellulose synthesis

A

Rose shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis.

- algae tend to be linear

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7
Q

Shared Characters between Plants and Charophyceans:

peroxisome enzymes

A

Similar peroxisome enzymes

- for toxic and metabolic processes

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8
Q

Shared Characters between Plants and Charophyceans:

flagellated sperm

A

Similar flagellated sperm

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9
Q

Shared Characters between Plants and Charophyceans:

Phragmoplast

A

Phragmoplast(specialized microtubules) forms during cell division

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10
Q

History of Plant Evolution

A
  1. Ordovician Period(480 MYA)
    • land invasion
    • Only an inch or two tall.
    • No vascular structure
    • Just a green film by water
  2. Terrestrial adaptations
    • Cuticle – epidermal polymers that act as waterproofing
      • helps trap in water to survive draughts
    • Sporopollenin – durable polymer that prevents spores / pollen from drying out
    • coats gametes to keep them from dying from damage
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11
Q

History of Plant Evolution:

Terrestrial Adaptations

A

Cuticle – epidermal polymers that act as waterproofing
- helps trap in water to survive draughts

Sporopollenin – durable polymer that prevents spores / pollen from
drying out
- coats gametes to keep them from dying from damage

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12
Q

History of Plant Evolution:

Terrestrial Adaptations:

Cuticle

A

epidermal polymers that act as waterproofing

- helps trap in water to survive draughts

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13
Q

History of Plant Evolution:

Terrestrial Adaptations:

Sporopollenin

A

durable polymer that prevents spores / pollen from
drying out
- coats gametes to keep them from dying from damage

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14
Q

Not all plants have ____.

A

roots.

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15
Q

Mycorrhizae(fungus) symbiosis with plant roots

A

This association is critical to the success of plants roots system as the fungi provides critical water to the roots.

  • Fungi facilitated the invasion of land plants
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16
Q

Timeline of Plant development

A

Non vascular plants – Ordovician period

Vascular Tissue – Silurian Period

Seeds – Carboniferous Period

17
Q

Unique Plant Characters

A
  1. Apical Meristems
  2. Alternation of generations
  3. Walled spores in sporangia
  4. Multicellular Gametangia
  5. Multicellular Dependent Embryos
18
Q

Unique Plant Characters:

Apical Meristems

A
  • Group of undifferentiated cells allowing growth
  • On roots, stems, and bud tips
  • Cells can turn into any other type of cell needed
  • Stem cells for plants
19
Q

Unique Plant Characters:

Alternation of generations

A
  • 2n generation to 1n generation then 2n
  • Sporophyte – diploid multicellular organism
  • Gametophyte – gametophyte
  • They look different
20
Q

Unique Plant Characters:

Walled spores in sporangia

A
  • Structure that contains spores
  • The vessel that contains the spores
    • Outside coat
21
Q

Unique Plant Characters:

Multicellular Gametangia

A
  • Gamete producing organ

- Check slides

22
Q

Unique Plant Characters:

Multicellular Dependent Embryos

A
  • Mom nourishes offspring just like humans
  • Zygote retained within female and embryo nourished
  • Offspring grows out of mom but requires nutrients along the way
23
Q

Unique Plant Characters:

Alternation of generations:

Sporophyte

A

diploid multicellular organism

24
Q

Unique Plant Characters:

Alternation of generations:

Gametophyte

A

Gametophyte – haploid

25
Q

Evolution of non-vascular seedless plants(Bryophytes)

A

Ordivician Period.

475 MYA

  1. Gametophyte is dominant life stage
  2. Possesses antheridia(sperm) and archegonia(ova)
  3. Sporophyte grows from archegonium
  4. Reproduction water dependent
  5. Bryophyte taxa
26
Q

Evolution of non-vascular seedless plants(Bryophytes):

Dominant stage of life

A

Gametophyte is dominant life stage

haploid
- when water hits(rain) = release of spores

27
Q

Evolution of non-vascular seedless plants(Bryophytes):

Possesses antheridia and archegonia

A

antheridia(male gametangia)

archegonia(female gametangia)

28
Q

Evolution of non-vascular seedless plants(Bryophytes):

Sporophyte grows from archegonium

A

literally grows out of the archegonium(female gametangia)

29
Q

Evolution of non-vascular seedless plants(Bryophytes):

Reproduction water dependent

A

Reproduction water dependant (due to flagellated sperm)

- in very wet/damp environments

30
Q

Evolution of non-vascular seedless plants(Bryophytes):

Bryophyte taxa

A
  1. Liverworts
  2. Hornworts
  3. Mosses
31
Q

Evolution of vascular plants(seedless and seed)

A

Silurian Period(seedless) and Carboniferous Period(seed)

420 MYA

  1. Vascular Tissue
  2. Sporophyte dominant
  3. Roots
  4. Leaves
  5. Sporophylls
  6. Vascular seedless plants
32
Q

Evolution of vascular plants(seedless and seed):

Vascular Tissue

A

Cells form tubed to transport H2O and nutrients

  1. Xylem - water / mineral transport
    • Usually roots to rest of plant
  2. Phloem - sugar / organics transport
    • Usually from photosynthesizing organs to rest of plant
  3. Allows plants to grow significantly larger(up) = major change
33
Q

Evolution of vascular plants(seedless and seed):

Sporophyte dominant

A

Bryophite(nonvascular) the gametophyte is the dominant phase

Now the sporophyte is the dominate stage

34
Q

Evolution of vascular plants(seedless and seed):

Roots

A

move away from water to avoid competition with other plants

  • Anchor plants
  • absorb nutrients
  • provides support
35
Q

Evolution of vascular plants(seedless and seed):

Leaves

A

they evolve leaves and leave it at that

  • increase surface area for photosynthesis

Microphyll - spine shaped leaf w/ single strand of vascular tissue

Megaphyll - broad leaf w/ vascular network

36
Q

Evolution of vascular plants(seedless and seed):

Sporophylls

A

modified leaves that bear sporangia(has structures on bottom)

  1. Homosporus - single spore gives rise to both male and female plants (most seedless plants)
  2. Heterosporus - megaspore becomes female, microspore becomes male (all seed plants)
37
Q

Evolution of vascular plants(seedless and seed):

Vascular seedless plants

A
  1. Lycotphytes
  2. Horsetails
  3. Whiptails
38
Q

Significance of vascular plants (seed and seedless)

A
  1. Transformed land / atmosphere
  2. Facilitated industrial revolution
    • everything that died got turned into coal from Carboniferous Period
39
Q

Extant seed plants origin time

A

Carboniferous Period

305 MYA

Biology 2 - Test 2 (14 decks)

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