Plant Diversity I

Question 1

Plants are ____.

Answer 1

terrestrial organisms that evolved from semi-aquatic green algae.

Question 2

Shared Characters(Plants)

Answer 2

1. Multicellular
2. Eukaryotic
3. Photosynthetic
4. Cell walls contain cellulose

Question 3

What is the closest land plant relative?

Answer 3

Charophyceans

Question 4

Charophyceans

Answer 4

Aquatic but living in ephemeral(sometimes water sometimes draught) bodies of water.

• Seasonal waters come in and out force them to adapt to draughts and eventually create land plants

Question 5

Shared Characters between Plants and Charophyceans

Answer 5

1. Rose shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis.
   
   • algae tend to be linear
2. Similar peroxisome enzymes
   
   • for toxic and metabolic processes
3. Similar flagellated sperm
4. Phragmoplast(specialized microtubules) forms during cell division

Question 6

Shared Characters between Plants and Charophyceans:

cellulose synthesis

Answer 6

Rose shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis.

- algae tend to be linear

Question 7

Shared Characters between Plants and Charophyceans:

peroxisome enzymes

Answer 7

Similar peroxisome enzymes

- for toxic and metabolic processes

Question 8

Shared Characters between Plants and Charophyceans:

flagellated sperm

Answer 8

Similar flagellated sperm

Question 9

Shared Characters between Plants and Charophyceans:

Phragmoplast

Answer 9

Phragmoplast(specialized microtubules) forms during cell division

Question 10

History of Plant Evolution

Answer 10

1. Ordovician Period(480 MYA)
   
   • land invasion
   • Only an inch or two tall.
   • No vascular structure
   • Just a green film by water
2. Terrestrial adaptations
   
   • Cuticle – epidermal polymers that act as waterproofing
     
     • helps trap in water to survive draughts
   • Sporopollenin – durable polymer that prevents spores / pollen from drying out
   • coats gametes to keep them from dying from damage

Question 11

History of Plant Evolution:

Terrestrial Adaptations

Answer 11

Cuticle – epidermal polymers that act as waterproofing
- helps trap in water to survive draughts

Sporopollenin – durable polymer that prevents spores / pollen from
drying out
- coats gametes to keep them from dying from damage

Question 12

History of Plant Evolution:

Terrestrial Adaptations:

Cuticle

Answer 12

epidermal polymers that act as waterproofing

- helps trap in water to survive draughts

Question 13

History of Plant Evolution:

Terrestrial Adaptations:

Sporopollenin

Answer 13

durable polymer that prevents spores / pollen from
drying out
- coats gametes to keep them from dying from damage

Question 14

Not all plants have ____.

Answer 14

roots.

Question 15

Mycorrhizae(fungus) symbiosis with plant roots

Answer 15

This association is critical to the success of plants roots system as the fungi provides critical water to the roots.

• Fungi facilitated the invasion of land plants

Question 16

Timeline of Plant development

Answer 16

Non vascular plants – Ordovician period

Vascular Tissue – Silurian Period

Seeds – Carboniferous Period

Question 17

Unique Plant Characters

Answer 17

1. Apical Meristems
2. Alternation of generations
3. Walled spores in sporangia
4. Multicellular Gametangia
5. Multicellular Dependent Embryos

Question 18

Unique Plant Characters:

Apical Meristems

Answer 18

• Group of undifferentiated cells allowing growth
• On roots, stems, and bud tips
• Cells can turn into any other type of cell needed
• Stem cells for plants

Question 19

Unique Plant Characters:

Alternation of generations

Answer 19

• 2n generation to 1n generation then 2n
• Sporophyte – diploid multicellular organism
• Gametophyte – gametophyte
• They look different

Question 20

Unique Plant Characters:

Walled spores in sporangia

Answer 20

• Structure that contains spores
• The vessel that contains the spores
  
  • Outside coat

Question 21

Unique Plant Characters:

Multicellular Gametangia

Answer 21

• Gamete producing organ

- Check slides

Question 22

Unique Plant Characters:

Multicellular Dependent Embryos

Answer 22

• Mom nourishes offspring just like humans
• Zygote retained within female and embryo nourished
• Offspring grows out of mom but requires nutrients along the way

Question 23

Unique Plant Characters:

Alternation of generations:

Sporophyte

Answer 23

diploid multicellular organism

Question 24

Unique Plant Characters:

Alternation of generations:

Gametophyte

Answer 24

Gametophyte – haploid

Question 25

Evolution of non-vascular seedless plants(Bryophytes)

Answer 25

Ordivician Period. 475 MYA 1. Gametophyte is dominant life stage 2. Possesses antheridia(sperm) and archegonia(ova) 3. Sporophyte grows from archegonium 4. Reproduction water dependent 5. Bryophyte taxa

Question 26

Evolution of non-vascular seedless plants(Bryophytes): Dominant stage of life

Answer 26

Gametophyte is dominant life stage haploid - when water hits(rain) = release of spores

Question 27

Evolution of non-vascular seedless plants(Bryophytes): Possesses antheridia and archegonia

Answer 27

antheridia(male gametangia) archegonia(female gametangia)

Question 28

Evolution of non-vascular seedless plants(Bryophytes): Sporophyte grows from archegonium

Answer 28

literally grows out of the archegonium(female gametangia)

Question 29

Evolution of non-vascular seedless plants(Bryophytes): Reproduction water dependent

Answer 29

Reproduction water dependant (due to flagellated sperm) | - in very wet/damp environments

Question 30

Evolution of non-vascular seedless plants(Bryophytes): Bryophyte taxa

Answer 30

1. Liverworts 2. Hornworts 3. Mosses

Question 31

Evolution of vascular plants(seedless and seed)

Answer 31

Silurian Period(seedless) and Carboniferous Period(seed) 420 MYA 1. Vascular Tissue 2. Sporophyte dominant 3. Roots 4. Leaves 5. Sporophylls 6. Vascular seedless plants

Question 32

Evolution of vascular plants(seedless and seed): Vascular Tissue

Answer 32

Cells form tubed to transport H2O and nutrients 1. Xylem - water / mineral transport - Usually roots to rest of plant 2. Phloem - sugar / organics transport - Usually from photosynthesizing organs to rest of plant 3. Allows plants to grow significantly larger(up) = major change

Question 33

Evolution of vascular plants(seedless and seed): Sporophyte dominant

Answer 33

Bryophite(nonvascular) the gametophyte is the dominant phase Now the sporophyte is the dominate stage

Question 34

Evolution of vascular plants(seedless and seed): Roots

Answer 34

move away from water to avoid competition with other plants - Anchor plants - absorb nutrients - provides support

Question 35

Evolution of vascular plants(seedless and seed): Leaves

Answer 35

they evolve leaves and leave it at that - increase surface area for photosynthesis Microphyll - spine shaped leaf w/ single strand of vascular tissue Megaphyll - broad leaf w/ vascular network

Question 36

Evolution of vascular plants(seedless and seed): Sporophylls

Answer 36

modified leaves that bear sporangia(has structures on bottom) 1. Homosporus - single spore gives rise to both male and female plants (most seedless plants) 2. Heterosporus - megaspore becomes female, microspore becomes male (all seed plants)

Question 37

Evolution of vascular plants(seedless and seed): Vascular seedless plants

Answer 37

1. Lycotphytes 2. Horsetails 3. Whiptails

Question 38

Significance of vascular plants (seed and seedless)

Answer 38

1. Transformed land / atmosphere 2. Facilitated industrial revolution - everything that died got turned into coal from Carboniferous Period

Question 39

Extant seed plants origin time

Answer 39

Carboniferous Period 305 MYA