Plant Diversity 2

Question 1

Shared Traits Between Plants/Charophyceans and Algae

Answer 1

1. Multicellular
2. Eukaryotes
3. Photosynthetic
4. Cell Walls(Cellulose)

Question 2

Shared Traits between Plants and Charophyceans

Answer 2

1. Rose shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis.
2. Peroxisome Enzymes
3. Formation of phragomoplast(how cell wall is formed)

Question 3

Shared traits between all plants

Answer 3

1. Apical meristems
   
   • stem cells for plants
2. Alternation of generations
   
   • 2 independent organisms in life cycle
3. Walled spores in sporangia(contains spores)
4. Multicellular gametangia(contains gametes)
5. Multicellular dependent embryo

Question 4

Shared traits of all SEED plants

Answer 4

1. Reduced gametophyte stage
2. Heterospory
3. Ovules
4. Pollen

Question 5

Seed

Answer 5

sporophyte embryo packed within food and encased in protective coat

Question 6

Shared traits of all SEED plants:

Reduced gametophyte stage

Answer 6

microscopic and contained w/in sporophyte. Spore does
not disperse!
- still exists but not a separate generation

Question 7

Shared traits of all SEED plants:

Heterospory

Answer 7

produce megaspore and microspore, that develop into female / male
gametophyte

Question 8

Shared traits of all SEED plants:

Ovules

Answer 8

female gamenophyte - female structure containing megasporangium, megaspore and integument.

Megaspore divides via meiosis, 1 nucleus -> egg, 1-> food supply, 2 -> bar bodies.

  - megaspore is haploid
- megasporangium is diploid

Question 9

Shared traits of all SEED plants:

Pollen

Answer 9

male gamenophyte - male structure containing microspore; transferred via wind or animals;

dispersal is water independent.
- disperses 2 sperm into the ovule

Question 10

Evolution of Seed Plants

Answer 10

350MYA(Carboniferous Period)

Two groups:

 - Gymnosperms (naked seed) 
 - Angiosperms (contained seed)

Question 11

Gymnosperms

Answer 11

ovule not surrounded by ovary or fruit; hence the term ‘naked’ seed

Question 12

Gymnosperms:

a. Ginkophyta

Answer 12

Only one species in phylum

Ginkgo biloba
-Used in traditional medicine for circulatory disorders, memory enhancement and dementia

Question 13

Gymnosperms:

Gnetophya

Answer 13

Only Gymnosperm to exhibit ‘double-fertilization’, but the second fertilization degenerates and does not form endosperm (see angiosperms below for double fertilization).
- All over the world

Question 14

Gymnosperms:

Cycadophyta

Answer 14

Known as cycads.

Crown of stiffcompound leaves with a short trunk. Dominant tree during Mesozoic.

Often mistaken as “palms”, which are angiosperms.
- Are diocecious.

Question 15

Gymnosperms:

Coniferophyta

Answer 15

Examples are pine and fir trees (most are evergreen).

Most species rich gymnosperm.

Sequoia – among largest and oldest organisms on land
- Red wood forest

*Bristlecone pine – one of the longest lived of any organisms(4600 years old)

Question 16

Gymnosperms:

Wollemia pine

Answer 16

thought to be extinct but found 40 alive in Australia

People trying to repopulate species but no real point

Question 17

Angiosperm

Answer 17

ovule surrounded by ovary or fruit; flowering plants

• only a very small group of plants actually have flowers
• they happen to dominate the globe now

Question 18

Angiosperm:

Flower structure

Answer 18

Stamen - male pollen producing structure

a. filament
b. anther – produces pollen(contains male gamenophyte)

Carpel - female ovule producing structure

a. stigma – place of pollen deposition
b. style 
c. ovary – contains ovules(contains female gamenophyte)

Petal and sepal – petals attract pollinators
- sepal = green leafs below petal

Question 19

Angiosperm:

Fertilization

Answer 19

Pollen lands on stigma; creates pollen tube along style

Pollen contains 2 sperm nuclei. Both fertilize separate nuclei (double fertilization)

a. one sperm fertilizes egg (becomes embryo)
b. one sperm fertilizes polar nuclei (becomes endosperm)
- a triploid 
- endosperm is the food packed with the seed
- created through the fusion of s 2n polar nuclei with the second sperm

Question 20

Angiosperm:

Fruit development

Answer 20

Once ovule is fertilized, ovary matures into fruit

 - Petals are dropped(their job is done) since they have attracted the pollen
 - The fruit is developed to attract a seed disperser 1. Dry fruit – little hooks grab on to an organism to be carried to new location 2. Fleshy Fruit – meant to be eaten and then seeds deposited later after digested

Dry versus fleshy

• Both fruit types are designed for dispersal by:
  1. Wind
  2. Water
  3. Animal

Question 21

Angiosperm:

Monocot versus dicot

Answer 21

know for you lab, not lecture

Question 22

Angiosperm:

Flower structure:

Carpel

Answer 22

female ovule producing structure

a. stigma – place of pollen deposition
b. style 
c. ovary – contains ovules(contains female gamenophyte)

Question 23

Angiosperm:

Flower structure:

Stamen

Answer 23

male pollen producing structure

a. filament
b. anther – produces pollen(contains male gamenophyte)

Question 24

Angiosperm:

Flower structure:

Petal and sepal

Answer 24

petals attract pollinators

- sepal = green leafs below petal