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Biology 2 - Test 2 > Invertebrate Diversity 1 > Flashcards

Invertebrate Diversity 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Invertebrates?

A

Animals that are not chordates.

34 of 35 phyla are Invertebrates

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2
Q

Animal Biodiversity

A

95% of animal species are invertebrates

85% are arthropods of animals

75% of animal species are insects of animals

35% are beetles of animals

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3
Q

Important evolutionary characters

A
  1. symmetry (asymmetric, radial & bilateral)
  2. tissue layers (diplo versus triploblastic)
  3. true tissues (muscles and neural)
  4. digestive tract (incomplete versus complete)
  5. circulatory system (open, closed, absent)
  6. Coelm (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate)
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4
Q

Evolution of metazoan

A

all animals.

primitive animals were asymmetric and diploblastic with no true tissues (e.g. no muscle, nervous system, digestive system, etc).

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5
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

Sponges.

  1. Asymetric, diploblastic
  2. No true organs
    • suspension feeders
  3. Unique structures and cells
    • spicules
    • choanocytes
    • Diplobastic
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6
Q

Phylum Porifera:

Unique structures and cells:

Spicules

A

give rigidity
– made of calcium carbonate or silica;
- provide structural support
- effectively forms an exoskeleton

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7
Q

Phylum Porifera:

Unique structures and cells:

choanocytes

A

collar cells, amoebocytes

- collar cells beat(forces water in and out = particulate matter) and bring food in
- amoebocytes digestive part
- strong flow of water(remember dye experiment) = incredibly efficient
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8
Q

Phylum Porifera:

Unique structures and cells:

Diplobastic

A

2 layers separated by gelatinous mesohyl

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9
Q

Evolution of Eumetazoans

A

animals with true tissues; all animals except sponges

First eumetazoans have a rudimentary nervous and digestive system, contractile tissues, and radial symmetry.

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10
Q

Phylum Cnidarian

A

corals, jellyfish and hydras.

  1. Radially symmetric, diploblastic
  2. Two distinct body plans (medusa & polyp)
  3. Rudimentary Digestive tract / circulatory system called gastrovascular cavity
    • Very inefficient
  4. Nervous system – nerve net & ocili
  5. muscle-like structures
  6. Cnidocytes contain nematocysts
    • The cells that sting you
    • Offensive or defensive depending
    • Medusa uses it as offensive to capture prey
    • Nematocysts are thread like than go into victim and inject the poison
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11
Q

Box jelly

A

Cnidarian

the deadliest animal in the world.

 - In Australia
 - Hand sized but has enough venom to kill 60 people
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12
Q

Evolution of Bilateral symmetry and triploblastic tissues

A

Three major bilateral animal groups

  - Deuterostomes - see previous lecture
  - Lophotrochozoa - it's complicated…don’t worry about it.
 - Ecdysozoa - animals that molt an exoskeleton (i.e. ecdysis)

Evolution of triplobastic tissues allows evolution of coelom

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13
Q

LOPHOTROCHOZOA

A

Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Mollusca and Annelida

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14
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

flatworms; e.g. tapeworms, flukes, planeria.

  • Incomplete gut(in category with a gut)
  • No circulatory system(in category with circulatory )
  • Bilateral, triploblastic, acoelomates
  • Cephalization - evolutionary trend that concentrates nervous tissue to one end
    • It has a head
    • close proximity to each other = faster reaction time
    • all sensory organs close together
  • Can be free swimming or parasitic
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15
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes:

Flatworms Reproduction

A

Flatworms are hermaphroditic but don’t want to get pregnant and spend more resources on eggs and housing
- Thus penis fencing
- Whoever shoots first wins
- Father has less energy requirements
- Highlight sexual conflict
o Biological objectives of males and females does not coincide

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16
Q

Phylum Rotifera

A

wheel bearers – small water based

  • Complete gut
    • Alimentary canal
  • No circulatory system
  • Corona - ciliated discs for feeding
  • Parthenogenetic - asexual
    • some species produce non-feeding males.
      - Literally the male has no mouth
      - It reshuffles the genome via sex and dies
17
Q

Cephalization

A

evolutionary trend that concentrates nervous tissue to one end

 - It has a head
 - close proximity to each other = faster reaction time
 - all sensory organs close together
18
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Complete gut(separate mouth and anus)

19
Q

Phylum Mullusca:

Unique characters

A
  • 3 main parts: Foot, visceral mass, mantle (CaCO3 shell)
    • foot = locomotion
    • mantle = secretes the CaCO3 shell
    • visceral mass = location of all internal organs(mesoderm encased)
  • radula – feeding apparatus
    • scraping device that rips up algae on floor
  • Range of cephalization and nervous systems
20
Q

Phylum Mullusca:

Classes

A
  1. Polyplacophora
  2. Gastropoda
  3. Bivalvia
  4. Cephalopoda
21
Q

Phylum Mullusca:

Classes:

Polyplacophora

A

chitons – many plates

 - 8 plates; live on intertidal rocks; scrape algae
- radula scrapes algae
22
Q

Phylum Mullusca:

Classes:

Gastropoda

A

Most have spiraled shells

 - e.g. snails, conchs and whelks
 - torsion - 180 degree twisting of visceral mass
- mouth and anus are next to each other(only one opening in a shell)
23
Q

Phylum Mullusca:

Classes:

Bivalvia

A

clams, oysters, mussels and scallops

a. hinged shell with adductor muscles

24
Q

Phylum Mullusca:

Classes:

Cephalopoda

A

squid, octupi

a. Means "head-foot”
b. no shell (except nautilus) 
c. active hunters
d. learning and complex behavior
25
Q

Blue Ringed Octopi

A

Phylum Mullusca:

Classes:

Cephalopoda

Deadliest octopus in the world.

Australia

26
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

segmented worms

  • Complete gut
  • Closed circulatory
  • Some cephalization
  • Some possess parapodia - lateral feet

When you have multiple redundant(segmented) system natural selection can play with it.
Diversifyication/mutations.

27
Q

Segmented systems and natural selection

A

When you have multiple redundant(segmented) system natural selection can play with it.
Diversifyication/mutations

28
Q

Hagfish

A

The hagfish is classified with chordates but it actually does not have a vertebra
- The term invertebrate is not 100% accurate

29
Q

Polyp VS medusa

A

Phylum Cnidarian

polyps(anchored to ground) and medusa(swimming)

30
Q

when you have a very simple organism you don’t need a circulatory system because all cells are interacting with the environment

A

Circulatory system gets nutrients to our cells and waste products out of cells when not touched the environment
o Can have mesoderm and still not have a circulatory system
 Must be thin though

31
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Complete digestive track from mouth to anus.

32
Q

Asexual populations are female

A

Asexual populations are female

33
Q

Acoela and Platyhelminthes do not have _______.

A

complete digestive tracks

- Have a gastrovascular cavity

34
Q

Open VS closed circulatory system

A

Open has a heat that pumps fluid through tubes BUT the tubes are not connected to anything
o Blood coats everything and eventually makes it back to the heart
 Arthropods and mollusk
o Blood leaves the network of tubes

Closed has heart that pumps through tubes through capillary beds
o Recaptures in the same system and back to heart
 Never leaves the network

Biology 2 - Test 2 (14 decks)

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