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Biology > plant disease and defences (paper 1) > Flashcards

plant disease and defences (paper 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

3 ways in which plant disease can be caused by pathogens

A

bacteria
viruses
fungi

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2
Q

6 signs of plant disease

A

stunted growth
spots on leaves
areas of decay
abnormal growths
presence of pests
malformed stems

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3
Q

rose black spot cause

A

fungus

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4
Q

2 rose black spot symptoms

A
  • purple or black spots appear on the leaves
  • leaves may turn yellow and then drop off
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5
Q

how is rose black spot transmitted?

A

fungus spores spread by wind or splashing rain

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6
Q

tobacco mosaic cause

A

virus

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7
Q

tobacco mosaic symptoms (2)

A
  • small patches of light green, brown and yellow appear on the leaves
  • leaves are smaller than usual affecting rate at which plant can photosynthesise leading plant failing to thrive
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8
Q

how is tobacco mosaic transmitted

A

spread by human contact from plant to plant

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9
Q

treatment and prevention for tobacco mosaic (2)

A
  • remove all decaying leaves from the plant
  • burn any leaves suspected of suffering from disease to prevent further contamination
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10
Q

treatment and prevention for rose black spot

A
  • plant can be clipped of any affected leaves
  • spray paint plant with insecticide and fungicide
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11
Q

what is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

virus that infects plants

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12
Q

3 descriptions of appearance of aphids

A
  • small green insects
  • sharp mouthparts that penetrate into the phloem and release sucrose sap
  • mouth forms stems + leaves
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13
Q

where do plants obtain mineral ions from

A

soil

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14
Q

how are mineral ions taken up from the soil

A

by root hair cells using active transport

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15
Q

chemical used to treat rose black spot

A

fungicides

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16
Q

what type of genetic material is found in the TM virus?

A

RNA

17
Q

give 3 examples of crops that can be infected by the TMV

A

-tomato
- pepper
- cucumber

18
Q

define rugosity

A

leaves that have small localised random wrinkles

19
Q

what are aphids?

A

insect pests

20
Q

which part of a plant do aphids feed on?

A

sugar-rich phloem-sap

21
Q

how are aphids able to feed on plants?

A

aphids have sharp mouthparts that penetrate into the phloem

22
Q

what is the first line of defence in plants?

A

intact and impenetrable barrier composed of bark and a waxy cuticle

23
Q

3 points on how thorns and hairs are an effective defence system

A
  • stop animals from touching and eating
    -thorns make it unpleasant or painful for herbivores to eat them
  • some plants combine hairs with poisons
24
Q

2 points on how leaf drooping or leaf cuttings are an effective defence system

A
  • some plants have leaves that droop or cure when something touches them
  • meaning they can prevent themselves from being eaten by insects by knocking insects off them and moving away from things
25
Q

suggest 2 ways that the gardener could identify the cause of symptoms of the plants in her garden

A

gardening website
use testing kit himself

26
Q

how is mint effective as a chemical defence mechanism

A

menthol disrupts the structure and function of bacterial cell membraned causing damage to the cell

27
Q

how is witch hazel effective as a chemical defence mechanism (2)

A
  • acts as an astringent causing tissues to contract to help shrink pores
  • may prevent acne causing bacteria from infecting your skin
28
Q

how is garlic effective as a chemical defence mechanism

A

contains compound that can penetrate cell membranes of bacteria cells and combine with certain enzymes/proteins to alter their structure, injuring the cells

29
Q

deadly nightshade chemical name and effect of chemical on herbivore

A

name: alkaloids
effect: diarrhoea, weakness, slow heart rate, colic

30
Q

fox gloves chemical name and effect of chemical on herbivore

A

name: digitoxin
effect: nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, rapid breathing

31
Q

tobacco plants chemical name and effect of chemical on herbivore

A

name: nicotine
effect: colic, diarrhoea, tremors, colic, excess salivation

32
Q

how is cellulose cell wall effective as a defence mechanism

A

plant cells are surrounded by cell walls made from cellulose forming a physical barrier against pathogens that make it past the waxy cuticle

33
Q

how is waxy cuticle effective as a defence mechanism

A

most plant leaves and stems have a waxy cuticle which provides a barrier to stop pathogens entering

34
Q

how are layers of dead cells effective as a defence mechanism

A

plants have layers of dead cells around their stems that act as a barrier to stop pathogens entering

Biology (19 decks)

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