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Biology > nervous system (paper 1) > Flashcards

nervous system (paper 1) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define a synapse

A

junction between 2 neurones

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2
Q

define a stimulus

A

environmental change that causes a response

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3
Q

define a receptor

A

detects a stimulus

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4
Q

define a sensory neurone

A

send electrical impulses to the effecter from the CNS

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5
Q

define an effector

A

muscle or gland that secretes hormones

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6
Q

define a response

A

detects stimulus

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7
Q

function of cornea

A

refracts light

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8
Q

function of pupil

A

hole in middle of iris where light enters eye

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9
Q

function of retina

A

layer of light sensitive cells which send impulses to the optic nerve

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10
Q

function of optic nerve

A

impulses generated by receptor cells

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11
Q

function of fovea

A

small area of the retina which contains only cone cells

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12
Q

function of ciliary muscle

A

changes shape of lens when they contract

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13
Q

function of suspensory ligament

A

holds the lens in place + connects it to the ciliary muscles

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14
Q

function of lens

A

clear disc which focuses light onto the retina - gives fine focus (can change its shape)

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15
Q

function of iris

A

controls amount of light which enters the eye by changing the size of the pupil

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16
Q

function of choroid layer

A

dark-pigmented layer which absorbs light + stops it being reflected back into the eye

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17
Q

function of sclera

A

protects internal working parts of the eye

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18
Q

what do radial muscles do when there’s a bright light

A

relax

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19
Q

what do circular muscles do when there’s a bright light

A

contract

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20
Q

what does the state of pupil do when there’s a bright light

A

constrict pupil

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21
Q

what do radial muscles do when there’s as dim light

A

contract

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22
Q

what do circular muscles do when there’s a bright dim

A

relax

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23
Q

what does the state of pupil do when there’s a dim light

A

dilate pupil

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24
Q

define accommodation

A

process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

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25
Q

how does light enter the eye when focusing on a close up object?

A

widely diverging light rays

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26
Q

how does the action of cornea change when focusing on a close up object

A

bend light rays

27
Q

how does the action of ciliary muscles change when focusing on a close up object

A

contract

28
Q

how does the action of suspensory ligaments change when focusing on a close up object

A

loosen

29
Q

how does the shape of a lens change when focusing on a close up object

A

thicker to bend light rays more strongly

30
Q

what are the light rays focused on when focusing on a close up object

A

retina

31
Q

how does light enter the eye when focusing on a distant object?

A

parallel light rays

32
Q

how does the action of cornea change when focusing on a distant object

A

bend light rays

33
Q

how does the action of ciliary muscles change when focusing on a distant object

A

relax

34
Q

how does the action of suspensory ligaments change when focusing on a distant object

A

pulled tight

35
Q

how does the shape of a lens change when focusing on a distant object

A

thinner to bend light rays only slightly

36
Q

what are the light rays focused on when focusing on a distant object

A

retina

37
Q

2 symptoms of myopia (short sighted))

A

can see close objects only
can’t see distant objects clearly

38
Q

where is light focussed in myopia?

A

in front of retina

39
Q

where is light focused in hyperopia?

A

in behind of retina

40
Q

3 possible causes of myopia

A
  • eye ball too long
    cornea too curved
    lens too thick
41
Q

how vision of myopia is corrected

A

use of concave lenses

42
Q

4 symptoms of hyperopia

A

eye ball too short
cornea not curved enough
lens too thin
diabetes

43
Q

cerebral cortex function

A

concerned with consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

44
Q

how vision of hyperopia is corrected

A

use of convex lenses

45
Q

cerebellum function

A

concerned mainly with coordination of muscular activity

46
Q

medulla function

A

concerned with unconsciousness activities e.g. heartbeat + breathing

47
Q

1 benefit of procedures carried out in the brain and nervous system

A

understanding how our brain works helps to develop new drugs and medical treatments for some disorders and diseases

48
Q

1 risk of procedures carried out in the brain and nervous system

A

any surgery on brain carries risk of damage which could be long term

49
Q

thermoregulation definition

A

control of our internal body temp.

50
Q

where are receptors found?

A

skin
blood vessels

51
Q

what does shivering make you do

A

respire more creating more energy

52
Q

sweat glands response to low temps.

A

less or no sweat is produced so less sweat evaporates reducing amount of thermal energy lost

53
Q

sweat glands response to high temps. (2)

A
  • glands secrete more sweat onto surface of skin where it evaporates
  • water has a high latent of heat of evaporation so takes heat from body
54
Q

skeletal muscles response to low temps. (2)

A
  • muscles contract + relax repeatedly i.e. shivering
  • increased rate of respiration generates more heat so releases thermal energy which raises body temps.
55
Q

skeletal muscles response to high temps.

A

no shivering occurs

56
Q

define homeostasis

A

conditions in the internal environment of the human body must be kept constant

57
Q

how is homeostasis achieved?

A

nervous system
endocrine system

58
Q

name the chemicals that move across a synapse

A

neurotransmitters

59
Q

describe how a ray of light that enters the eye is translated into a visual image in the brain (6)

A
  1. light from the image is refracted at cornea through the pupil
  2. pupil-dilate + constrict to regulate the intensity of light entering the eye
  3. the diameter of the pupil is controlled by the iris. light then enters the lens of the eye
  4. light is then refracted by lens onto retina - focusing on an upside down image on the retina
  5. in retina the photo receptors are stimulated - senses the image
  6. electric impulses are sent to the brain via optic nerve an then brain intercepts them as an image - image is formed upside down
60
Q

name the transparent layer at the front of the eye

A

cornea

61
Q

contact lens advantages (4)

A

corrects refractive errors
easier for sport
not visible
same job as glasses

62
Q

contact lens disadvantages (3)

A

can get stuck
irritation
hard to get in

63
Q

function of receptors in skin

A

detect a stimulus then send an electrical impulse to sensory neurone

Biology (19 decks)

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