plant defenses

Question 1

allelopathy

Answer 1

when plants produce chemicals to harm other plants

Question 2

secondary compounds

Answer 2

highly variable over time, not present in all cells, high inter and intra specific variation, can be induced or constitutive, can be used to resist herbivores or attract insect predators, insects adapt to these

Question 3

leaf rolling

Answer 3

used by insects to decrease light exposure to protect them from phototoxins

Question 4

leaf trenching

Answer 4

biting a circle in the leaf to cut off compound flow before eating the inner tissue

Question 5

sequestration or excretion

Answer 5

insects consume toxins and save them somewhere that doesn’t harm them, or expel the toxin

Question 6

detoxification

Answer 6

ingestion and breakdown of toxins into safe molecules

Question 7

defense against cold

Answer 7

primary compounds like antifreeze proteins that increase sugar content and unsaturated fats in the plasma membrane to prevent freezing

Question 8

defense against heat

Answer 8

primary compounds like heat shock proteins, or secondary compound isoprene which stabilizes chloroplast membranes

Question 9

anthocyanins and carotenoids

Answer 9

secondary compounds that absorb excess and UV light to prevent damage, increase in fall causing fall pigments, anthocyanins absorb free radicals

Question 10

spines

Answer 10

modified leaf to be hard and sharp

Question 11

thorns

Answer 11

modified stem or branch to be hard and sharp

Question 12

prickles

Answer 12

outgrowths of the epidermis to be sharp

Question 13

trichomes

Answer 13

plant hairs that defend against mammalian and insect herbivores, protect from light damage, and can store terpenoids

Question 14

resins

Answer 14

secondary compounds that harden upon air exposure to seal wounds protecting against insects and pathogens

Question 15

cutin

Answer 15

lipid, makes up the cuticle on the above ground surfaces of plants preventing water loss

Question 16

waxes

Answer 16

lipids that coat the exterior of plants to seal in water and protect from pathogens

Question 17

suberin

Answer 17

lipid on the outer surfaces of old roots and the bark of woody plants to protect against pathogens and provide stability, also seals wounds and abscission

Question 18

abscission

Answer 18

openings in plant tissue that result from dropping body parts

Question 19

calcium oxylate crystals

Answer 19

store excess calcium and protect against herbivores by being sharp and releasing toxins
raphides - needle like crystals
druse - spherical crystals

Question 20

mimicry

Answer 20

defense against herbivores by imitating toxic plants or imitating eggs on leaves to deter insects from laying there

Question 21

camouflage

Answer 21

very rare, appearing like other objects such as rocks to blend into the surroundings

Question 22

myrmecophily

Answer 22

mutualistic relationships with ants in which plants provide domatia, extrafloral nectaries, or beltian bodies and in return ants defend the plant

Question 23

domatia

Answer 23

shelter structures formed on the plant for mutualists to live in

Question 24

extrafloral nectaries

Answer 24

production of nectar outside of the flower to provide for mutualists

Question 25

beltian bodies

Answer 25

fatty or oily structures on leaves for mutualists to eat

Question 26

phytoalexins or hypersensitivity

Answer 26

plants kill their own cells to prevent spread of pathogens to the rest of the plant

Question 27

systemic required immunity

Answer 27

plants send signals to the rest of the body to prepare for pathogen attack when one area is infected