Biotechnology

Question 1

transgenic organism

Answer 1

a gene from a different species has been artificially inserted into this species, first done in 1983 for antibiotic resistance in tobacco

Question 2

transgenes made plants glow

Answer 2

1986

Question 3

first transgenic food hit the market

Answer 3

1994, the flavor savor tomato modified to ripen slower

Question 4

artificial selection

Answer 4

selective breeding for preferred traits by breeding the most desirable individuals

Question 5

hybridization and backcrossing

Answer 5

interbreeding two different species and continually breeding with one parent until an almost pure plant with the desired new gene is achieved

Question 6

mutagenesis

Answer 6

encouraging random mutations via chemicals or radiation, faster but less reliable

Question 7

benefits of transgenes

Answer 7

able to control which and how many genes are introduced, allows genes to move between unrelated organisms, allows significant change to occur faster

Question 8

downsides of transgenes

Answer 8

potential introduction of an allergen, transgene escape

Question 9

transgene escape

Answer 9

crop plants interbreed with wild plants and spread the new gene into wild populations

Question 10

bt crops

Answer 10

gene to protect against herbivory from Bacillus thuringiensis

Question 11

herbicide tolerance

Answer 11

transgenic plants that allow spraying of herbicides without damaging crops, most common transgenic trait

Question 12

increased nutritional quality

Answer 12

transgenes allow for addition of nutrients to staple crops such as adding beta carotenes to make golden rice

Question 13

other transgenic traits

Answer 13

frost, salt, and drought tolerance; ripening control

Question 14

most common transgenic crops in the US

Answer 14

cotton, sugar beets, soybeans, corn, canola

Question 15

most common method of creating transgenic plants

Answer 15

using transformation with bacteria, gene is isolated from the host and cloned, copies are placed into a plasmid and put into a bacteria, bacteria inserts plasmid into the plant cell, plant incorporates it into the DNA, plant is grown using tissue culture

Question 16

transgenic plants via agrobacterium tumefaciens

Answer 16

causes some plants to grow tumors by naturally inserting T-DNA from the plasmid, for transgenes the T-DNA is cut out and replaced with a desired gene

Question 17

kanamycin resistance

Answer 17

added with foreign DNA during transgenes, resulting cells are treated with kanamycin so that any cells that did not take up the gene will die

Question 18

transgenic plants via particle bombardment

Answer 18

the foreign DNA is coated with gold or tungsten and is then blasted at the cells using a particle gun

Question 19

transgenic plants via electroporation

Answer 19

plant cells are placed in with the gene and they are exposed to a magnetic field which creates pores in the cells for the gene to pass through

Question 20

crispr

Answer 20

can be editing existing genes or inserting transgenes

Question 21

American chestnut

Answer 21

faced a fungus that kills off the entire above ground portion of the plant, attempted to build up resistance through mutagenesis, tried hybridization with the resistant Chinese chestnut which is working, transgenes used to insert an oxalate oxidase from wheat to break down the toxin from the fungus