plant cells

Question 1

middle lamella

Answer 1

cements cell walls together, made up of pectin

Question 2

primary pits

Answer 2

holes in the cell wall that transfer plasmodesmata (cytoplasm) between adjacent cells

Question 3

primary cell wall

Answer 3

made of cellulose, found in all plant cells

Question 4

secondary cell wall

Answer 4

present in some plant cells inside the primary cell wall containing lignin for rigidity, cells are often dead at maturity because the walls are so thick

Question 5

parenchyma cells

Answer 5

have only a primary cell wall, alive at maturity, most abundant type of cell found everywhere in the plant body, function in metabolism, storage, conduction, and wound healing, totipotent

Question 6

totipotent

Answer 6

able to become any other type of cell

Question 7

collenchyma cells

Answer 7

only primary cell wall that is unevenly thickened, living at maturity, located beneath the surface in the stem and petiole in pockets, provide flexible support for the plant body

Question 8

sclerenchyma cells

Answer 8

have a primary and secondary cell wall that is lignified, typically dead at maturity, found in pockets throughout the plant body that provide support and protection, can be sclerids or fibers

Question 9

sclerids

Answer 9

sclerenchyma cells that are abnormally shaped with very thick secondary cell walls

Question 10

fibers

Answer 10

sclerenchyma cells that have a uniform shape and are long and thin, primary component of wood in the vascular tissue

Question 11

symplastic transport

Answer 11

movement of materials using plasmodesmata through primary pits

Question 12

apoplastic transport

Answer 12

movement of materials through the cell wall

Question 13

cell wall

Answer 13

made up of cellulose packed into microfibrils packed into macrofibrils packed to make the cell wall; strong and indigestible

Question 14

pectin

Answer 14

component of the cell wall that makes it flexible and hydrophilic, helps hold cells together

Question 15

hemicellulose

Answer 15

weave between microfibrils of the cell wall linking them together

Question 16

lignin

Answer 16

component of the secondary cell wall that makes them inflexible and hydrophobic

Question 17

proteins

Answer 17

imbedded throughout the cell wall for transport, signaling, and detection

Question 18

vacuoles

Answer 18

contain water and all water soluble materials such as secondary compounds, sugars, salts, acids, proteins, and pigments, also creates turgor pressure with the cell wall

Question 19

turgor pressure

Answer 19

created from the vacuole full of water pushing against the cell wall, helps plants stand up straight

Question 20

tracheid cells

Answer 20

elongated tapering cells with primary and heavily lignified cell walls, have very large primary pits, dead at maturity in the xylem tissue, large component of wood, main water conducting cells in gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants

Question 21

vessel elements

Answer 21

elongated but wider and shorter than tracheids, primary and heavily lignified secondary cell walls, end walls are perforated allowing water to move straight up like a straw, dead at maturity in xylem, primary water conducting cells of angiosperms

Question 22

transpiration

Answer 22

method by which xylem sap is drawn up from above, using the hydrogen bonds between the water and xylem cells

Question 23

sieve tube elements

Answer 23

have only a primary cell wall, living at maturity but lack a nucleus found in the phloem, function in food conduction from source to sink, have a perforated sieve plate at the end all to speed up sugar transport

Question 24

companion cells

Answer 24

only primary cell wall, living at maturity, only found in phloem, aid sieve tube elements by loading and unloading, located beside every sieve tube element derived from the same parent cell

Question 25

Indeterminate growth

Answer 25

the whole plant body is constantly growing throughout the lifespan, always containing meristematic cells in root and shoot tips

Question 26

meristematic cells

Answer 26

embryonic tissues allowing for growth, made of initials and derivatives

Question 27

initials

Answer 27

undifferentiated cells

Question 28

derivatives

Answer 28

form when initials divide, become differentiated cells

Question 29

primary growth

Answer 29

growth in length and height, using 3 meristematic tissues found in root tips, shoot tips, and axillary buds

Question 30

protoderm

Answer 30

gives rise to dermal tissue of the epidermis

Question 31

procambium

Answer 31

gives rise to vascular tissue of the xylem or phloem

Question 32

ground meristem

Answer 32

gives rise to ground tissue , can be parenchyma, sclerenchyma, or collenchyma tissue

Question 33

secondary growth

Answer 33

growth of wood, increase in width

Question 34

simple tissue

Answer 34

composed of 1 type of cell

Question 35

complex tissue

Answer 35

made up of multiple cell types

Question 36

ground tissues

Answer 36

simple tissue named for the cells it is made of, interior tissue layers made of parenchyma, sclerenchyma, or collenchyma cells

Question 37

vascular tissue

Answer 37

complex tissue of the xylem and phloem
xylem made up of tracheids, vessel elements, fibers, parenchyma cells
phloem made up of sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers, parenchyma cells

Question 38

dermal tissues

Answer 38

complex tissue, outermost layer of cells, the epidermis made up of guard cells, pavement cells, and trichomes, all specialized parenchymas

Question 39

guard cells

Answer 39

epidermal cells that control the opening and closing of stomata

Question 40

pavement cells

Answer 40

primary epidermal cells, have irregular shapes

Question 41

trichomes

Answer 41

specialized epidermal cells that function in protection from herbivores, protection from water loss by shading the leaf, UV protection, secretion in high salinity environments, absorption of water and nutrients in epiphytes