Plant Cells and Energy Production

Question 1

organisms that can produce food from substances in their external environment to generate ATP

Answer 1

Autotrophs

Question 2

organisms that obtain nutrition from other organisms

Answer 2

Heterotrophs

Question 3

Name 2 energy carrying molecules that store chemical energy in plants

Answer 3

1. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
2. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH)

Question 4

What type of energy storage is ATP best suited for?

Answer 4

short-term energy storage

Question 5

ATP is made of what 2 things?

Answer 5

1. Carbon backbone
2. 3 phosphate groups (attached to the backbone)

Question 6

Describe how ATP releases energy in 3 steps

Answer 6

1. ATP binds to a water molecule
2. 1 phosphate group attached to the ATP carbon backbone is removed > producing 1 phosphate group + 1 ADP
3. This bond breaking releases chemical energy

Question 7

the chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks down ATP into ADP + 1 phosphate group

Answer 7

ATP Hydrolysis

Question 8

the chemical process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule in order to form ATP

Answer 8

ADP Phosphorylation

Question 9

ADP Phosphorylation is the opposite process of what?

Answer 9

ATP Hydrolysis

Question 10

ATP Hydrolysis is the opposite process of what?

Answer 10

ADP Phosphorylation

Question 11

the recycling of ADP into ATP and the breakdown of ATP into ADP

Answer 11

ATP or ADP Cycle

Question 12

What are the 5 steps in the ATP/ADP Cycle?

Answer 12

1. ATP is broken down into ADP + 1 phosphate
2. This process releases energy (for the cell)
3. Energy is absorbed (from food)
4. This energy is used to bind ADP with 1 phosphate
5. The cycle starts over

Question 13

the ability of plants to convert carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen using sunlight

Answer 13

Photosynthesis

Question 14

What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

Answer 14

6CO2 + 6H20 + light&raquo_space; C6H12O6 + 6O2

(6 carbon dioxide + 6 water molecules + light yields 1 glucose + 6 oxygen)

Question 15

reactions that require photons of light striking the chlorophyll

Answer 15

Light-Dependent Reactions

Question 16

reactions that use carbon dioxide from the air to make sugars and take place after an electron has been liberated

Answer 16

Light-Independent Reactions

Question 17

What are the 6 steps to Photosynthesis before the Calvin Cycle?

Answer 17

1. Photosystem II: water is broken down into H+ ions, oxygen, and electrons > H+ ions build up in the thylakoid space + oxygen released as a byproduct
2. Light energy hits and is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in photosystem II > the electrons from the water molecule are now excited
3. The photoexcited electrons are carried via an Electron-Transport Chain to Photosystem I
4. The ETC generates ATP every time H+ leaves the thylakoid membrane
5. More light energizes the chlorophyll molecules in Photosystem I > the energized electrons enter another ETC > NADP+ reduces to NADPH
6. The ATP and NADPH created by the light reactions > used in the Calvin Cycle (next step of photosynthesis)

Question 18

What are the 4 steps of the Calvin Cycle?

Answer 18

1. RuBisCO enzyme binds CO2 from the air to RuBP > forms one 6-carbon compound > splits into two 3-PGA molecules
2. ATP and NADPH use their stored energy to convert the 3-PGA molecules > G3P + ADP + NAD+
   ~ ADP + NAD+ return to the photosystems to be reenergized for the next round of reactions)
3. 1 of the G3P molecules goes to make glucose + others are recycled to regenerate RuBP
   ~ATP is used to regenerate RuBP > allows for more carbon fixation
4. Calvin cycle occurs 6 times total > 1 molecule of glucose

Question 19

large complexes of proteins and pigments that are optimized to harvest light and are involved in light-dependent reactions during photosynthesis

Answer 19

Photosystems

Question 20

the photosystem in which water is broken down into H+ ions, Oxygen, and electrons

Answer 20

Photosystem II

Question 21

What is a byproduct of light-dependent reactions in Photosystem II?

Answer 21

Oxygen

Question 22

the photosystem in which electrons get hit with more light and energized again

Answer 22

Photosystem I

Question 23

light-absorbing molecules

Answer 23

Pigments

Question 24

a cluster of proteins that move electrons through a membrane in order to create a gradient of protons that forms ATP

Answer 24

Electron-Transport Chain

Question 25

a gain of electrons

Answer 25

Reduction

Question 26

light-independent process that is the cycle of chemical reactions performed by plants to “fix” carbon from CO2 into 3-carbon sugars

Answer 26

Calvin Cycle

Question 27

What are the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle?

Answer 27

1. Carbon Fixation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration

Question 28

an enzyme used in the Calvin Cycle to bind 1 carbon dioxide to a 5-carbon molecule (RuBP) to form 2 3-carbon molecules

Answer 28

Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase (RuBisCO)

Question 29

5-carbon molecule that binds with a carbon to form 3-PGA

Answer 29

Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate (RuBP)

Question 30

3-carbon sugar that is created in the Calvin Cycle and is used to either make glucose or be recycled to regenerate RuBP

Answer 30

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (G3P)

Question 31

the process in which atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted into sugars

Answer 31

Carbon Fixation