Cell Structure and Function Flashcards
used to view the types of cells present in a blood or urine sample
Light Microscope
used to explore internal structures within a cell
Electron Microscope
a set of defining principles that describes the characteristics of cells
Cell Theory
What are the 6 primary tenets of Modern Cell Theory?
- All living organisms are made of cells
- Cells are the basic unit of life
- All cells arise from preexisting cells
- Hereditary information is passed from cell to cell
- All cells have the same basic chemical composition
- Energy flow occurs within cells
What are the 4 components every eukaryotic cell shares at the very least?
Every cell:
1. has a plasma membrane
2. has cytosol, cytoplasm and organelles
3. contains chromosomes that carry genes in the form of DNA
4. contains ribosomes
a jelly-like fluid in which organelles are suspended
Cytosol
the space within the cell that contains the cytosol
Cytoplasm
specialized cellular structures that have special functions within the cell
Orgnelles
use the amino acids floating around the cytosol to replicate the genetic code necessary for protein synthesis
Ribosomes
What are the 2 categories of cells?
- Prokaryotic
- Eukaryotic
What are the 2 major domains of Prokaryotes?
- Archaea
- Bacteria
Give 4 characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Unicellular
- Don’t have membrane bound organelles
- Have a nucleoid + a singular, circular chromosome
- 10 microns in size
the selectively permeable membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer that controls the flow of molecules, ions and proteins into and out of the cell
Plasma Membrane
hairlike appendages found on the cell surface that help bacteria adhere to extracellular surfaces
Pili (sg. Pilus)
rigid layer of sugar-based molecules surrounding most prokaryotes that provide structural support and protection
Cell Wall
a sugar-containing layer associated with the virulence of bacteria
Capsule
the irregularly shaped region that contains most of the cell’s genetic material and is not contained by a membrane
Nucleoid
a tail-like appendage that enables movement on many bacterial cells
Flagellum
prokaryotic organisms capable of thriving in very harsh environments
Archaea
the most abundant prokaryotes
Bacteria
Give 3 examples of prokaryotic cells
- E-coli
- Streptococcus equi (Strangles)
- Archaea of Yellowstone Nat. Park
bacterial prokaryote that causes urinary tract infections in small animals
Escherichia coli (E-Coli)
bacterial prokaryote that causes respiratory infection in horses
Streptococcus equi (Strangles)
archaea that live in extremely hot geothermal geysers where no other type of life can survive
Archaea of Yellowstone National Park
Give 4 characteristics of Eukaryotic cells
- Multicellular
- Have membrane bound organelles
- Have a nucleus + multiple rod-shaped chromosomes
- 100 microns in size
finger-like projections that increase the cell’s surface area to prolong contact with fluids in order to absorb nutrients from food and blood
Microvilli
controls DNA transcription and synthesis + determining which proteins will be made
Nucleus
the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and offers an extra layer of protection from potentially harmful bacteria, enzymes, and pathogens
Nuclear Envelope
a semi-soft fluid that contains the nucleolus and chromatin and allows for the passage of RNA, ions, and molecules to and from the cytoplasm
Nucleoplasm
contain the hereditary information for cellular reproduction in Eukaryotes
Chromosomes and Chromatin
linear structures in eukaryotes that contain DNA / the # of them each organism has is a function of complexity
Chromosomes