Cell Structure and Function Flashcards
used to view the types of cells present in a blood or urine sample
Light Microscope
used to explore internal structures within a cell
Electron Microscope
a set of defining principles that describes the characteristics of cells
Cell Theory
What are the 6 primary tenets of Modern Cell Theory?
- All living organisms are made of cells
- Cells are the basic unit of life
- All cells arise from preexisting cells
- Hereditary information is passed from cell to cell
- All cells have the same basic chemical composition
- Energy flow occurs within cells
What are the 4 components every eukaryotic cell shares at the very least?
Every cell:
1. has a plasma membrane
2. has cytosol, cytoplasm and organelles
3. contains chromosomes that carry genes in the form of DNA
4. contains ribosomes
a jelly-like fluid in which organelles are suspended
Cytosol
the space within the cell that contains the cytosol
Cytoplasm
specialized cellular structures that have special functions within the cell
Orgnelles
use the amino acids floating around the cytosol to replicate the genetic code necessary for protein synthesis
Ribosomes
What are the 2 categories of cells?
- Prokaryotic
- Eukaryotic
What are the 2 major domains of Prokaryotes?
- Archaea
- Bacteria
Give 4 characteristics of Prokaryotes
- Unicellular
- Don’t have membrane bound organelles
- Have a nucleoid + a singular, circular chromosome
- 10 microns in size
the selectively permeable membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer that controls the flow of molecules, ions and proteins into and out of the cell
Plasma Membrane
hairlike appendages found on the cell surface that help bacteria adhere to extracellular surfaces
Pili (sg. Pilus)
rigid layer of sugar-based molecules surrounding most prokaryotes that provide structural support and protection
Cell Wall
a sugar-containing layer associated with the virulence of bacteria
Capsule
the irregularly shaped region that contains most of the cell’s genetic material and is not contained by a membrane
Nucleoid
a tail-like appendage that enables movement on many bacterial cells
Flagellum
prokaryotic organisms capable of thriving in very harsh environments
Archaea
the most abundant prokaryotes
Bacteria
Give 3 examples of prokaryotic cells
- E-coli
- Streptococcus equi (Strangles)
- Archaea of Yellowstone Nat. Park
bacterial prokaryote that causes urinary tract infections in small animals
Escherichia coli (E-Coli)
bacterial prokaryote that causes respiratory infection in horses
Streptococcus equi (Strangles)
archaea that live in extremely hot geothermal geysers where no other type of life can survive
Archaea of Yellowstone National Park
Give 4 characteristics of Eukaryotic cells
- Multicellular
- Have membrane bound organelles
- Have a nucleus + multiple rod-shaped chromosomes
- 100 microns in size
finger-like projections that increase the cell’s surface area to prolong contact with fluids in order to absorb nutrients from food and blood
Microvilli
controls DNA transcription and synthesis + determining which proteins will be made
Nucleus
the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and offers an extra layer of protection from potentially harmful bacteria, enzymes, and pathogens
Nuclear Envelope
a semi-soft fluid that contains the nucleolus and chromatin and allows for the passage of RNA, ions, and molecules to and from the cytoplasm
Nucleoplasm
contain the hereditary information for cellular reproduction in Eukaryotes
Chromosomes and Chromatin
linear structures in eukaryotes that contain DNA / the # of them each organism has is a function of complexity
Chromosomes
smaller units of coiled DNA within the nucleus
Chromatin
smaller non-membrane bound region within the nucleus that produces ribosomes
Nucleolus
Give 4 examples of Eukaryotes
- Plants
- Animals
- Protists
- Fungi
What 2 things are Ribosomes composed of?
- Proteins
- rRNA
the cellular components within ribosomes that build proteins
rRNA
carries out cell tasks such as protein synthesis and detoxification of poisons
Endomembrane System
the transport of proteins, molecules and ions across membranes
Protein Synthesis
The Endomembrane System includes what 2 things?
- Nuclear Envelope
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
a plasma membrane that folds in on itself within the cell and is composed of cisternae
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum attached to?
The nucleus
sacs and tubules
cisternae
the internal parts of the cisternae that allow cellular products to move through it to other regions of the cell
Lumen
What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum?
- Rough
- Smooth
Responsible for producing proteins with ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Responsible for synthesizing lipids and fats as well as detoxification of the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
responsible for finishing the early protein and lipids products synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
tiny membrane-bound, bubble-like sacs used for transport
Vesicles
Once the Golgi Apparatus adds the finishing touches to early cellular products, what does it do?
Packages the finished product into vesicles and sends them to other regions of the cell
opening on one side of the Golgi Apparatus where the early cellular products are received
Cis Face
opening on the other side of the Golgi Apparatus where the finished proteins leave
Trans Face
What 7 things are Mitochondria composed of?
- Outer and Inner Membranes
- Intermembrane Space
- Matrix
- Cristae
- Ribosomes
- Mitochondrial DNA
- ATP Synthase
Responsible for animal cellular energy production by generating adenosine triphosphate
Mitochondria
the folded layers of the mitochondria’s inner membrane
Cristae
is an energy carrying molecule produced by cellular respiration in the mitochondria
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
the process of making ATP from oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients and also produces carbon dioxide as a water product
Cellular Respiration
Responsible for the autophagy of proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and old organelles into products like amino acids and peptides
Lysosomes
the process of recycling the cell material
Autophagy
Responsible for the autophagy of lipids and fats and the removal of free radicals in the cytoplasm
Peroxisomes
organelle that can bond to other membranes and move cell material (ribosomes or amino acids) around the cell
Vesicles
organelles that do not bond with other membranes and store molecules for exocytosis and endocytosis
Vacuoles
being removed from a cell
Exocytosis
being brought into a cell
Endocytosis
Name 4 things plant cells have that animal cells do not
- Large Vacuoles
- Amyloplasts
- Cell Wall
- Chloroplasts
organelle within the cytoplasm that helps the cell maintain its shape, take up water, and provide storage for nutrients and waste products
Large Vacuoles
organelle that stores and synthesizes starch that’s converted to glucose to be used for metabolic pathways and energy generation within the plant
Amyloplasts
outer shell of the cell that gives added stability and protection of the plant cell
Cell Wall
organelles in plant cells that carry out photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
class of small organelles in the cytoplasm of plant cells containing pigment or food
Plastids
Give 3 examples of plastids
- Chloroplasts
- Amyloplasts
- Chromoplasts
the process in which solar energy is converted into sugars
Photosynthesis
absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis and gives plants their green color
Chlorophyll
the fluid within a chloroplast but outside the grana that contains the ribosomes and chloroplast DNA
Stroma
a stack of thylakoids
Granum (pl. Grana)
each of a number of flattened sacs that is the site of photosynthesis and can be stacked
Thylakoid
the space between the thylakoid sacs
Thylakoid Space
the intracellular matrix of a chloroplast
Lamella
Where is Chloroplast DNA located?
Within the Stroma
