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Intro to Biology for Vet Techs > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the study of chemical reactions and pathways of living cells and organisms

A

Biochemistry

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of macromolecules relevant to biochem?

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Lipids
  4. Nucleic Acids
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3
Q

serves as the building blocks for cells and carry out cellular functions for all living organisms

A

Macromolecules

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4
Q

larger substance made of simpler substances

A

Polymer

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5
Q

smaller substances that make up larger substances

A

Monomer

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6
Q

a molecule with a central carbon that binds to a hydrogen atom, two functional groups, and a variable side chain

A

Amino Acid

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7
Q

What are the 2 functional groups of Amino Acids?

A
  1. Amine Group (-NH2)
  2. Carboxyl Group (-COOH)
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8
Q

dictates the unique chemical properties and functions associated with each of the amino acids

A

R Group

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9
Q

amino acids that can be synthesized by the body

A

Essential Amino Acids

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10
Q

Amino acids are obtained in what 2 ways?

A
  1. Made by the body
  2. Diet
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11
Q

What 2 ways can Amino Acids be abbreviated? Give an example.

A
  1. Three Letters
  2. Single Letter
    Ex: Glycine = “Gly” or “G”
    Tryptophan = “Trp” or “W”
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12
Q

a covalent bond formed between 2 amino acids via a dehydration reaction

A

Peptide Bond

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13
Q

short links of 2 or more amino acids

A

Peptide

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14
Q

when many amino acids are bonded together

A

Polypeptide Chain

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15
Q

formed when several polypeptides are folded together into a specific shape

A

Protein

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16
Q

the process of amino acids turning into into peptides and proteins through the formation of a peptide bond

A

Polymerization

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17
Q

the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds

A

Peptidyl Transferase

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18
Q

an amino acid in a peptide or polypeptide once the water molecule has been removed

A

Residue

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19
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Alanine

A

Ala

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20
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Glycine

A

Gly

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21
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Isoleucine

A

Ile

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22
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Leucine

A

Leu

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23
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Proline

A

Pro

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24
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Valine

A

Val

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25
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Phenylalanine

A

Phe

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26
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Tryptophan

A

Trp

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27
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Tyrosine

A

Tyr

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28
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Aspartic Acid

A

Asp

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29
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Glutamic Acid

A

Glu

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30
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Arginine

A

Arg

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31
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Histidine

A

His

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32
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Lysine

A

Lys

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33
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Serine

A

Ser

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34
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Threonine

A

Thr

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35
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Cysteine

A

Cys

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36
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Methionine

A

Met

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37
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Asparagine

A

Asn

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38
Q

Amino Acid Abbreviations:

Glutamine

A

Gln

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39
Q

How many different structure levels can proteins have? What are they?

A

4 total
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure

40
Q

the unique sequence of amino acid residue in a polypeptide chain

A

Primary Structure

41
Q

the local folding of a polypeptide in some regions of the chain due to the hydrogen bonding between the amino acids of that polypeptide chain

A

Secondary Structure

42
Q

What are the 2 types of local structures in protein?

A
  1. Alpha-Helices
  2. Beta-Pleated Sheets
43
Q

occurs when a peptide chain coils into a helix + hydrogen bonds form between coils to stabilize the structure

A

Alpha-Helices (secondary structure)

44
Q

occurs when portions of the polypeptide chain turn back on itself + have hydrogen bonding between amino hydrogens and carbonyl oxygens

A

Beta-Pleated Sheets (secondary structure)

45
Q

the overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide and determines its function

A

Tertiary Structure

46
Q

the arrangement of multiple, smaller polypeptide chains to form a larger, functional protein

A

Quaternary Structure

47
Q

a protein that breaks down other proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids (during digestion) so they can be incorporated into the body for nutrition

A

Pepsin

48
Q

the process of a protein unfolding from its natural structure due to changes in pH, temperature and salt concentration

A

Denaturation

49
Q

proteins that speed up a chemical reaction but are not consumed or produced by the reaction

A

Enzyme

50
Q

a reactant in a chemical reaction

A

Substrate

51
Q

a binding area for a reactant on an enzyme

A

Active Site

52
Q

a series of reactions in which carbon dioxide and water are converted to glucose and oxygen

A

Photosynthesis

53
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O&raquo_space;> C6H12O6 + 6O2

54
Q

What is the primary energy source for plants and animals?

A

Carbohydrates

55
Q

What are 3 types of carbohydrates?

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
56
Q

the simplest form of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down into simpler sugars

A

Monosaccharide

57
Q

What 2 forms are monosaccharides found as in nature?

A
  1. Cyclic Form
  2. Open-Chain Form
58
Q

What 3 things do most monosaccharides have?

A
  1. 5 or 6 carbon atoms
  2. Alcohol groups on their carbons
  3. Carbonyl Group (C=O)
59
Q

What do the alcohol groups on the carbons of monosaccharides allow them to do? Why is this helpful?

A

The alcohol groups allow the monosaccharide to form hydrogen bonds with water.

This makes the monosaccharide water soluble.

60
Q

Give some examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose

Ribose (RNA) and Deoxyribose (DNA)

61
Q

2 sugars bonded together to form a larger sugar molecule that can be broken down into simpler sugars

A

Disasccharide

62
Q

Give 2 examples of disaccharides

A
  1. Sucrose
  2. Lactose
63
Q

polymer chains of many monosaccharide molecules

A

Polysaccharides

64
Q

polymers of biological molecules

A

Biopolymers

65
Q

Give 3 examples of polysaccharides

A
  1. Glycogen
  2. Starch
  3. Cellulose
66
Q

stores energy in the muscles and livers of humans and other animals

A

Glycogen

67
Q

water-soluble, helical structures with alcohol groups readily available for hydrogen bonding

A

Starch

68
Q

forms hydrogen bonds between its strands to form sheets, making it insoluble and more rigid

A

Cellulose

69
Q

insoluble in water and passes through the digestive tract unchanged; collects unwanted residue as it passes through the digestive tract

A

Dietary Fiber

70
Q

All polysaccharide biopolymers are made from what type of monomers?

A

Glucose Monomers

71
Q

How are the differing roles and functions of glycogen, cellulose and starch reflected in nature?

A

It’s reflected in their differing structures

72
Q

nonpolar, water-insoluble molecules that are found in the cells and tissues of living organisms

A

Lipids

73
Q

What are the 2 classifications of Lipids?

A
  1. Simple Lipids
  2. Complex Lipids
74
Q

simple lipids that have long chains of carbon atoms bonded only to hydrogen with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the end

A

Fatty Acids

75
Q

Simple Lipids contain what 3 things?

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Oxygen
76
Q

Complex Lipids contain what 4 things?

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Oxygen
  4. Additional Elements (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, or Sulfur)
77
Q

What are the 4 major groups of lipids?

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
  4. Waxes
78
Q

3 fatty acids chains + glycerol

A

Triglyceride

79
Q

a hydrocarbon with 3 alcohol functional groups (3-OH groups)

A

Triol

80
Q

fats that contain at least one double bond

A

Unsaturated Fats

81
Q

fats without any carbon double bonds

A

Saturated Fats

82
Q

Give examples of unsaturated vs saturated fats

A

Unsaturated - Fish, Avocados, Tree Nuts

Saturated - animal fats

83
Q

a lipid molecule that is made up of 2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate group head

A

Phospholipid

84
Q

The part of the phospholipid that is hydrophilic, polar and contains a phosphate group

A

Head

85
Q

The part of the phospholipid that is hydrophobic, nonpolar, and contains 2 fatty acid chains

A

Tails

86
Q

simple lipids that are characterized by a base structure of 4 connected hydrocarbon rings

A

Steroids

87
Q

Name 3 biologically important steroids

A
  1. Sex Hormones
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Prednisone
88
Q

a long-chain fatty acid + a long-chain alcohol

A

Wax

89
Q

many carbons with an -OH attached to the end

A

Long-Chain Alcohol

90
Q

What are the 2 major classes of Nucleic Acids?

A
  1. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
  2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
91
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA and which match together?

A

Cytosine (C) > Guanine (G)
Adenine (A) > Uracil (U)

92
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA and which match together?

A

Cytosine (C) > Guanine (G)
Adenine (A) > Thymine (T)

93
Q

What is the difference in function between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA - copies genetic information
DNA - stores genetic information

94
Q

complex organic substance whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain

A

Nucleic Acid

95
Q

the monomer building blocks that make up RNA and DNA

A

Nucleotide

96
Q

Nucleotides consist of what 3 things?

A
  1. 5-carbon Sugar
  2. Phosphate Group
  3. Nitrogenous Bases
97
Q

What 4 things make up an Amino Acid?

A
  1. Central alpha-carbon atom that everything else binds to
  2. A hydrogen atom
  3. 2 Functional Groups
  4. An R group

Intro to Biology for Vet Techs (12 decks)

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