Chemistry

Question 1

the study of matter, its chemical and physical properties and the chemical and physical changes it undergoes

Answer 1

Chemistry

Question 2

a specific substance that can’t be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions

Answer 2

Element

Question 3

How many elements are on the periodic table? How many are naturally occurring? How many are unstable?

Answer 3

118 total
94 naturally occurring
24 unstable

Question 4

the arrangement of the elements that communicates important information about each of the elements and how they relate to one another

Answer 4

Periodic Table

Question 5

What 4 things are included in each square on the periodic table?

Answer 5

1. Atomic Number
2. Chemical Symbol
3. Element Name
4. Atomic Mass

Question 6

What does the Atomic Number represent?

Answer 6

protons in an atom of an element

Question 7

How is the Atomic Mass calculated?

Answer 7

Atomic Mass = # proton + average # neutrons

Question 8

How do you calculate the average number of neutrons?

Answer 8

Average # Neutrons = Rounded Atomic Mass - Atomic Number

Question 9

the smallest component of an element that retains all of the chemical properties of that element

Answer 9

Atom

Question 10

the central region of all atoms that contain protons + neutrons and are orbited by electrons on the outside

Answer 10

Nucleus

Question 11

positively charged particles inside the nucleus of an atom

Answer 11

Protons

Question 12

negatively charged particles that orbit around the outside of the nucleus of an atom

Answer 12

Electrons

Question 13

particles with no charge inside the nucleus of an atom

Answer 13

Neutrons

Question 14

electrons in the outer electron shell and are important for chemical reactions

Answer 14

Valence Electrons

Question 15

Balanced atoms have what electron to proton ratio?

Answer 15

1:1
Atoms have the same # of electrons as protons

Question 16

atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Answer 16

Isotopes

Question 17

How do you write proton vs electron charges?

Answer 17

Proton = +1
Electron = -1

Question 18

when an atom contains an equal number of protons and electrons

Answer 18

Neutral Atom

Question 19

Isotopes of an element are chemically _____ , BUT may have ______ stabilities

Answer 19

identical
different

Question 20

How would you write normal magnesium (atomic mass of 24) vs an isotope of magnesium (atomic mass of 25)? And how many protons and neutrons would each have?

Answer 20

Mg-24
12 protons + 12 neutrons

Mg-25
12 protons + 13 neutrons

Question 21

holds the atoms of two joined elements together

Answer 21

Chemical Bond

Question 22

What part of the atom forms bonds?

Answer 22

Electrons

Question 23

How many electrons can the first 3 orbitals hold?

Answer 23

First - 2
Second - 8
Third - 18

Question 24

What is it called when the outer orbital is full?

Answer 24

Octet

Question 25

How can atoms become more stable?

Answer 25

By filling their outermost orbital through the loss, gain or sharing of valence electrons via chemical bonds

Question 26

What are the 3 main kinds of bonds?

Answer 26

1. Ionic Bonds 2. Covalent Bonds 3. Hydrogen Bonds

Question 27

type of bond that involves one atom losing 1 or more electrons and another atom gaining the electrons that were lost by the first atom

Answer 27

Ionic Bond

Question 28

What does an atom become once it has a charge?

Answer 28

Ion

Question 29

What are the 2 types of ions and what is the difference?

Answer 29

1. Anions = ions with a negative charge 2. Cations = ions with a positive charge

Question 30

the result when 2 ions attract to each other and stick together to make a bond

Answer 30

Ionic Compound

Question 31

Ionic Compounds must contain how many different elements?

Answer 31

At least 2

Question 32

when elements share electrons to achieve a full outer shell instead of gaining or losing electrons

Answer 32

Covalent Bonds

Question 33

How many bonds can there be in Covalent Bonds and how many electrons are involved?

Answer 33

Three: single, double, and triple Covalent bonds Single Covalent Bonds - 1 electron Double Covalent Bonds - 2 electrons Triple Covalent Bonds - 3 electrons

Question 34

the result when atoms are joined by covalent bonds

Answer 34

Molecule

Question 35

How many different elements must Molecules contain?

Answer 35

Don't have to contain different elements - can be multiple atoms of the same element

Question 36

All _____ are _____, but not all ______ are _____. (molecules/compounds)

Answer 36

All compounds are molecules BUT not all molecules are compounds

Question 37

What are the 2 types of Covalent Bonds?

Answer 37

1. Nonpolar 2. Polar

Question 38

when 2 bonded atoms share electrons nearly [equally]

Answer 38

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Question 39

when 2 bonded atoms share the electrons [unequally] due to a difference in charge between them

Answer 39

Polar Covalent Bond

Question 40

Give an example of a Nonpolar Covalent Bond vs a Polar Covalent Bond?

Answer 40

Nonpolar - O2 (the 2 oxygen atoms are identical and thus the electrons are shared equally) Polar - H2O (the electrons are pulled closer to the oxygen atom, thus the oxygen end of the molecule is slightly negative and the hydrogen end is slightly positive)

Question 41

created when a molecule has regions of charge that are separated

Answer 41

Dipole

Question 41

molecules with dipoles

Answer 41

Polar Molecules

Question 42

a weak attraction between an electronegative atom in one molecule and an electropositive ____ atom already bonded to an electronegative atom in another molecule

Answer 42

Hydrogen Bond

Question 43

How are hydrogen bonds indicated on models?

Answer 43

Dashed line

Question 44

What is the universal solvent and why is it called that?

Answer 44

Water - capable of dissolving more chemicals than any other solvent

Question 45

What types of molecules can water dissolve?

Answer 45

Polar only Nonpolar molecules like fats and oils cannot be dissolved in water

Question 46

how well molecules are attracted to themselves

Answer 46

Cohesion

Question 47

how well molecules are attracted to other substances

Answer 47

Adhesion

Question 48

What are 4 important properties of water that are caused by hydrogen bonding and the polarity of water?

Answer 48

1. Universal Solvent 2. Cohesion 3. Adhesion 4. High boiling and melting points

Question 49

a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) and thus increases the concentration of (H+) in the solution

Answer 49

Acid

Question 50

have an excess of hydrogen ions or hydronium ions and have a LOW pH value

Answer 50

Strong Acids

Question 51

a substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) or other (-) charged ions that combine with hydrogen ions, reducing their concentration in the solution

Answer 51

Base

Question 52

have an excess of hydroxide ions and have a HIGH pH value

Answer 52

Strong Base

Question 53

a solution that is not acidic or basic

Answer 53

Neutral

Question 54

a measurement scale that indicates a solution's acidity or alkalinity on a scale from 0 to 14

Answer 54

pH

Question 55

What is the pH formula and it can be rearranged to solve for what?

Answer 55

pH = -log[H+] The Hydrogen Ion Concentration

Question 56

Chemistry terms for how acidic or basic a solution is

Answer 56

Acidic = Acidity Basic = Alkalinity

Question 57

What is the pH inside human cells and blood?

Answer 57

Close to neutral

Question 58

the process by which neutral atoms/molecules are converted to electrically charged atom/molecules through gaining or losing electrons

Answer 58

Ionization