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Intro to Biology for Vet Techs > Homeostasis and Cellular Transport in Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Cellular Transport in Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

the tendency of living things to maintain internal dynamic equilibrium

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

the state when forward progress reactions and reverse progress reactions result in stable conditions when put together

A

Dynamic Equilibrium

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3
Q

the value around which a specific condition fluctuates

A

Set Point

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4
Q

moves the body away from a set point which causes the body to act to re-establish equilibrium

A

Stimulus

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5
Q

a homeostatic process that reduces the stimulus

A

Negative Feedback Loop

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6
Q

What is an internal and environmental example of a Negative Feedback Loop?

A

Internal - high blood sugar > pancreas releases insulin > blood sugar levels return to normal levels

Environmental - heat causes dog body temp to rise > dog pants to cool down > body temp returns to normal levels

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7
Q

animals that depend on the external environment to set their body temperature

A

Ectotherm

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8
Q

animals that can maintain their body temperature at set points

A

Endotherms

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9
Q

the most effective and ongoing stimulus response and is how endotherms regulate internal temperature

A

Thermoregulation

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10
Q

Give examples of ectotherms vs endotherms

A

Ectotherms - fish, amphibians, reptiles

Endotherms - mammals, birds

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11
Q

What are the 4 ways that endotherms AND ectotherms exchange heat with their environment?

A
  1. Evaporation
  2. Radiation
  3. Convection
  4. Conduction
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12
Q

the loss of heat as a liquid becomes a gas

A

Evaporation

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13
Q

the loss or gain of electromagnetic radiation as heat waves

A

Radiation

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14
Q

the loss of heat due to air or fluid movement

A

Convection

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15
Q

the direct transfer of heat by molecules of an organism or object that’s in direct contact

A

Conduction

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16
Q

Give an example of:
Evaporation
Radiation
Convection
Conduction

A

Evaporation - dog panting to cool down

Radiation - lion seeking shade to cool down / snake basking in the sun to warm up

Convection - air from a fan cooling the skin on a hot day

Conduction - sitting on a rock that has been warmed by the sun

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17
Q

a homeostatic process that maintains or enhances a stimulus

A

Positive Feedback Loop

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18
Q

Give an example of a Positive Feedback Loop

A

Giving Birth - Lamb’s head puts pressure on the ewe’s uterus > uterus contracts > uterine pain receptors prompt oxytocin production > oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during birth > contractions increase in strength > help the ewe deliver the lamb

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19
Q

the primary way that cells maintain internal stability typically achieved by moving liquids, molecules, proteins, ions, and other solutes into and out of the cell

A

Cellular Transport

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20
Q

any substance that has been dissolved in another substance

A

Solute

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21
Q

a group of atoms bonded together

A

Molecule

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22
Q

an atom or molecule with an electric charge caused by a loss or gain of an electron

A

Ion

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23
Q

Give an example of a solute vs a solvent

A

Saltwater
Solute - Salt
Solvent - Water

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24
Q

the selectively permeable membrane that controls the entering or exiting of specific ions, proteins, molecules, solutes, and liquids for the cell through active or passive transport

A

Plasma Membrane (Phospholipid Bilayer)

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25
Q

What does the double-layer system of the phospholipid bilayer allow for?

A

It allows the membrane to be selectively permeable

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26
Q

model that recognizes that (1) the phospholipids are held together by hydrophobic interactions that are much weaker than covalent bonds and (2) the membrane is made up of different proteins clustered in groups and embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid layer

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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27
Q

The membrane is more like a crowd of people that can shift and move when perturbed > making room for another person or closing behind as one leaves the line

A

The “Fluid Aspect” of the Fluid Mosaic Model

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28
Q

What are the 3 major populations of polymers in the “Mosaic Aspect” of the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A
  1. Integral Proteins
  2. Peripheral Proteins
  3. Carbohydrate Molecules
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29
Q

proteins in the cell membrane that shuttle molecules and ions in and out of the cell

A

Integral Proteins (Transmembrane Proteins)

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30
Q

proteins on the cell membrane that add structure to the cells by binding with fibers and serve as attachment sites for enzymes or as cell-recognition sites

A

Peripheral Proteins

31
Q

Form specialized sites on the cell surface that allow cells to recognize each other and bond to either the lipid or integral proteins

A

Carbohydrate (Sugar) Molecules

32
Q

the movement of ions and other substances across a cellular membrane without the input of energy

A

Passive Transport

33
Q

Passive Transport consists of what 3 processes?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Facilitated Diffusion
  3. Osmosis
34
Q

the process by which substances move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration and continues until the concentration becomes equal throughout a space

A

Diffusion

35
Q

the relative concentration difference between a region with high concentration and a region with low concentration

A

Concentration Gradient

36
Q

the process by which certain insoluble molecules that are unable to pass through the selectively permeable membrane due to their size, charge, or polarity are moved using transport proteins

A

Facilitated Diffusion

37
Q

What are the 2 types of transport proteins used in facilitated diffusion?

A
  1. Channel Proteins
  2. Carrier Proteins
38
Q

proteins that facilitate the movement of certain molecules through a semipermeable membrane by forming special pores and pathways that are big enough to accommodate large molecules or have polarity that accepts the polar or charged molecule

A

Channel Proteins

39
Q

proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that change shape to bind to a substance and help it across a semipermeable membrane

A

Carrier Proteins

40
Q

How many different substances can bind to carrier proteins so they can cross the plasma membrane?

A

1 - these proteins are generally specific to one substance

41
Q

the diffusion of water from areas of high water concentration to areas of low water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane in order to equalize the concentration of water and solutes present

A

Osmosis

42
Q

a determining force in water movement and causes water to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

A

Osmotic Pressure

43
Q

What causes osmotic pressure?

A

differences in water concentration within and outside the cell

44
Q

What are 3 types of solutions related to osmosis?

A
  1. Isotonic
  2. Hypotonic
  3. Hypertonic
45
Q

a solution where the concentration of solutes within and outside the cell is equal

A

Isotonic

46
Q

a solution where the concentration of solutes [outside] the cell is [lower] than the concentration of solutes [inside] the cell

A

Hypotonic

47
Q

the concentration of solutes [outside] the cell is [higher] than the concentration of solutes [inside] the cell

A

Hypertonic

48
Q

What could happen to a cell if osmosis occurs in excess for hypotonic vs hypertonic solutions?

A

Hypotonic - Water present outside the cell will move down its concentration gradient into the cell > will cause the cell to swell or burst

Hypertonic - Water will move down its concentration gradient out of the cell > causes cells to shrink

49
Q

the movement of ions, molecules, proteins, liquids, or solutes into regions that already have a high concentration of these substances in order to maintain homeostasis and require the use of energy to do this

A

Active Transport

50
Q

Active transport is required for cells in order to maintain what?

A

A membrane potential

51
Q

the presence of a difference in electrical charge between one side of the selectively permeable membrane and the other

A

Membrane Potential

52
Q

a voltage difference on 2 sides of a semipermeable membrane

A

Electrical Potential

53
Q

What is the normal cellular membrane potential between?

A

-40 and -80 millivolts

The minus refers to inside the cell

54
Q

How is a membrane potential created?

A

By active transport pushing ions and other molecules against their gradients

55
Q

the difference in concentration of a specific molecule, protein, or liquid on either side of a membrane

A

Chemical Gradient

56
Q

the difference in concentration of electrical charges on either side of a membrane

A

Electrical Gradient

57
Q

the combined effects of an electrical gradient and a chemical gradient on the movement of substances, their effects may combine or negate

A

Electrochemical Gradient

58
Q

when the chemical and electrical gradients encourage movement in the same direction

A

Combined Electrochemical Effects

59
Q

when the chemical and electrical gradients oppose one another

A

Negated Electrochemical Effects

60
Q

one of the most common energy currencies used in cells

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

61
Q

molecule used to help power active transport against gradients

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

62
Q

mechanism that uses active transport to keep the concentration of potassium inside the cell high and the concentration of sodium inside the cell relatively low + ensures the concentration of potassium outside the cell remains low and the concentration of sodium outside the cell remains high

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump

63
Q

Why is it important that the Sodium-Potassium Pump helps a cell remain more negative inside than outside?

A

This feature is important to signal transmission

64
Q

Why does the movement of sodium and potassium across membranes contribute to the electrochemical gradient?

A

Because sodium and potassium are both ions

65
Q

What are the 6 steps of active transport in the sodium-potassium pump?

A
  1. Pump is opened toward the inside of the cell > 3 sodium ions bind to it
  2. 1 molecule of ATP is split to provide the energy for active transport > ATP becomes ADP + a phosphate group > the phosphate group is attached to the pump
  3. Attaching the phosphate group causes the enzyme to change shape > Enzyme reorients itself to open towards the outside of the cell > the 3 sodium ions are released outside of the cell
  4. Pump is open to the outside of the cell > 2 potassium ions bond to the pump + the phosphate group detaches
  5. Loss of the phosphate group > enzyme returns to its original shape > opens toward the inside of the cell
  6. The 2 potassium ions are released inside of the cell > cycle is ready to start over
66
Q

How many sodium ions and potassium ions are moved during active transport? What is the net loss inside the cell? Why is this important?

A
  1. 3 (+) sodium out + 2 (+) potassium in
  2. Net loss of 1 (+) ion on the inside
  3. This maintains the electrochemical membrane potential - the cell is slightly (-) on the inside compared to the outside
67
Q

the process of bulk transport of molecules, food, and other substances across a membrane into the cell

A

Endocytosis

68
Q

Endocytosis consists of what 3 processes?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
69
Q

the movement of food or other particles from the extracellular fluid through the cell membrane into the cell

A

Phagocytosis

70
Q

What are the 4 steps of Phagocytosis?

A
  1. Cell plasma membrane wraps around the food particle outside the cell > creates a food vacuole
  2. The newly formed food vacuole is moved into the cytoplasm of the cell
  3. Vacuole fuses with a lysosome
  4. Lysosome’s enzymes break down the food into useable materials for the cell
71
Q

the movement of extracellular liquid through the cell membrane into a cell

A

Pinocytosis

72
Q

What are the 3 steps of Pinocytosis?

A
  1. Cell plasma membrane wraps around the liquid outside the cell > creates a vesicle
  2. The vesicle is nonspecific and contains dissolved molecules and ions (as opposed to a solid particle)
  3. The vesicle moves into the cytoplasm of the cell
73
Q

the movement of substances through the cell membrane that requires the recognition of a molecule by receptors on the cell membrane

A

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

74
Q

What are the 5 steps of Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis?

A
  1. Outward-facing receptors create pits in the cell plasma
  2. Receptor is filled by a specific molecule
  3. A signal is sent
  4. The pit closes off
  5. Pit with the molecule is ingested by the cell

Intro to Biology for Vet Techs (12 decks)

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