Genetics and Inheritance Flashcards
the study of heredity
Genetics
characteristics passed from parents to their offspring
Heredity
What are 3 things that can be hereditary? Give examples
- Physical Characteristics - coat color
- Behavioral Traits - temperament
- Medical Conditions - hipdysplasia
inherited from each parent, contain DNA, and make cell division and replication easier
Chromosomes
What are the 2 ways you can write Chromosomes?
- Total # of individual chromosomes
- Total # of pairs of chromosomes
How many chromosomes do humans have? Pairs vs Individual
23 pairs
46 individual
How many chromosomes do canines have? Pairs vs Individual
39 pairs
78 individual
How many chromosomes do felines have? Pairs vs Individual
19 pairs
38 individual
How many chromosomes do horses have? Pairs vs Individual
32 pairs
64 individual
How many chromosomes do cattle have? Pairs vs Individual
30 pairs
60 individual
stretches of DNA that are specific to a particular traits or characteristic
Genes
all of the genes of an organism
Genome
parts of a gene that code for specific traits and control how the gene is expressed
Alleles
How many alleles do you get from each parent per trait?
1 allele from each parent per trait = 2 total per trait
2 complementary, twisted strands of genetic info coiled into spirals
Double Helix (Twister Ladder Shape)
What was the goal of Mendel’s experiment?
To determine if there’s a pattern of how future generations inherit those characteristics
What subjects did Mendel use in his experiments and why?
Common garden pea plants because they are easy to grow in large numbers
What were the 7 plant characteristics that Mendel studied in his experiment? Why did he choose these?
- Flower color
- Flower position
- Plant height
- Seed Color
- Seed Shape
- Pod Color
- Pod Shape
All of these characteristics have 2 trait variants in pea plants
Describe the 5 step procedure Mendel used for is experiment
- Studied 7 characters that each had 2 traits in garden pea plants
- Created purebred strains by cross-breeding different varieties of purebred pea plants > True-bred strains are homozygous for a given trait
- Collected and grew the seeds of the purebred strains to determine their characteristics
- Crossed 2 different purebred strains with particular traits > Allowed him to see how the heterozygous offspring would differ from the purebred strains
- Observed the resulting traits in the offspring pea plants
the mating and production of offspring of living organisms such as plants and animals
Breeding
organisms that can pass on certain traits to all of their offspring
True-Breeding
a type of breeding in which different species or varieties are mated with each other to product a hybrid
Crossbreeding
What is an example of Crossbreeding?
Crossing a tall plant with a short plant
What is an example of True-Breeding?
Green pea pods crossed that always produce green pea pods
the act of transferring _____ from the male part of the plant to the female part of the plant
Pollination
contain the genetic information needed to produce a new plant
Plant Seeds
What does pollination do?
Fertilizes the plant and enables it to make seeds
the offspring of 2 genetically distinct parent species that contain features of both parents
Hybrid
the true-bred parents
P Generation
the first generation of hybrid offspring from individuals in the P generation
F1 Generation
What are 2 characteristics of F1 generations?
- Often displays the dominant gene
- Often heterozygous
the gene that controls the trait
Dominant Gene