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Intro to Biology for Vet Techs > Genetics and Inheritance > Flashcards

Genetics and Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

the study of heredity

A

Genetics

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2
Q

characteristics passed from parents to their offspring

A

Heredity

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3
Q

What are 3 things that can be hereditary? Give examples

A
  1. Physical Characteristics - coat color
  2. Behavioral Traits - temperament
  3. Medical Conditions - hipdysplasia
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4
Q

inherited from each parent, contain DNA, and make cell division and replication easier

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

What are the 2 ways you can write Chromosomes?

A
  1. Total # of individual chromosomes
  2. Total # of pairs of chromosomes
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6
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have? Pairs vs Individual

A

23 pairs
46 individual

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7
Q

How many chromosomes do canines have? Pairs vs Individual

A

39 pairs
78 individual

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8
Q

How many chromosomes do felines have? Pairs vs Individual

A

19 pairs
38 individual

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9
Q

How many chromosomes do horses have? Pairs vs Individual

A

32 pairs
64 individual

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10
Q

How many chromosomes do cattle have? Pairs vs Individual

A

30 pairs
60 individual

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11
Q

stretches of DNA that are specific to a particular traits or characteristic

A

Genes

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12
Q

all of the genes of an organism

A

Genome

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13
Q

parts of a gene that code for specific traits and control how the gene is expressed

A

Alleles

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14
Q

How many alleles do you get from each parent per trait?

A

1 allele from each parent per trait = 2 total per trait

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15
Q

2 complementary, twisted strands of genetic info coiled into spirals

A

Double Helix (Twister Ladder Shape)

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16
Q

What was the goal of Mendel’s experiment?

A

To determine if there’s a pattern of how future generations inherit those characteristics

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17
Q

What subjects did Mendel use in his experiments and why?

A

Common garden pea plants because they are easy to grow in large numbers

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18
Q

What were the 7 plant characteristics that Mendel studied in his experiment? Why did he choose these?

A
  1. Flower color
  2. Flower position
  3. Plant height
  4. Seed Color
  5. Seed Shape
  6. Pod Color
  7. Pod Shape

All of these characteristics have 2 trait variants in pea plants

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19
Q

Describe the 5 step procedure Mendel used for is experiment

A
  1. Studied 7 characters that each had 2 traits in garden pea plants
  2. Created purebred strains by cross-breeding different varieties of purebred pea plants > True-bred strains are homozygous for a given trait
  3. Collected and grew the seeds of the purebred strains to determine their characteristics
  4. Crossed 2 different purebred strains with particular traits > Allowed him to see how the heterozygous offspring would differ from the purebred strains
  5. Observed the resulting traits in the offspring pea plants
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20
Q

the mating and production of offspring of living organisms such as plants and animals

A

Breeding

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21
Q

organisms that can pass on certain traits to all of their offspring

A

True-Breeding

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22
Q

a type of breeding in which different species or varieties are mated with each other to product a hybrid

A

Crossbreeding

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23
Q

What is an example of Crossbreeding?

A

Crossing a tall plant with a short plant

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24
Q

What is an example of True-Breeding?

A

Green pea pods crossed that always produce green pea pods

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25
Q

the act of transferring _____ from the male part of the plant to the female part of the plant

A

Pollination

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26
Q

contain the genetic information needed to produce a new plant

A

Plant Seeds

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27
Q

What does pollination do?

A

Fertilizes the plant and enables it to make seeds

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28
Q

the offspring of 2 genetically distinct parent species that contain features of both parents

A

Hybrid

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29
Q

the true-bred parents

A

P Generation

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30
Q

the first generation of hybrid offspring from individuals in the P generation

A

F1 Generation

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31
Q

What are 2 characteristics of F1 generations?

A
  1. Often displays the dominant gene
  2. Often heterozygous
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32
Q

the gene that controls the trait

A

Dominant Gene

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33
Q

the generation of offspring from individuals in the F1 generation

A

F2 Generation

34
Q

What are 2 characteristics of F2 generations?

A
  1. Often show the effects of hybridization
  2. Often 50% are heterozygous, 25% are homozygous dominant and 25% are homozygous recessive
35
Q

a organism’s set of observable characteristics that result from its genetic composition and is sometimes influenced by environmental factors

36
Q

the variants of a gene an organism contains in their genetic composition that gives rise to the physical expression of characteristics

37
Q

a trait that has 2 copies of the same allele for a given gene

A

Homozygous

38
Q

a trait that has 2 different alleles for a given gene

A

Heterozygous

39
Q

What are Mendel’s 3 Laws?

A
  1. The Law of Segregation
  2. The Law of Independent Assortment
  3. The Law of Dominance
40
Q

What do Mendel’s Laws dictate?

A

How traits are inherited between generations

41
Q

The law that states every organism acquires 2 alleles for each trait, with 1 coming from each parent

A

The Law of Segregation

42
Q

Where does The Law of Segregation get its name from?

A

the alleles segregate (separate) during reproduction > each parent contributes only 1 of its 2 alleles for any given trait > seemingly random fashion

43
Q

the law that states the separation of alleles for a given gene occurs independently of any other gene

A

The Law of Independent Assortment

44
Q

When does The Law of Independent Assortment occur?

A

During meiosis

45
Q

What is an example of The Law of Independent Assortment?

A

Whether a plant inherits an allele for purple or white flowers > no effect on the genes it inherits for pea texture

46
Q

What is the exception to The Law of Independent Assortment?

A

Linked Genes

47
Q

genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together

A

Linked Genes

48
Q

The law that establishes which of the 2 inherited genes for a particular trait manifests in an offspring

A

The Law of Dominance

49
Q

a gene that will always be completely expressed if it’s present in the organism’s genetic code, even if only 1 parent contributed a this type of allele

A

Dominant Allele

50
Q

a gene that will only be completely expressed if both parents contributed this type of allele

A

Recessive Allele

51
Q

What is the dominance order for the following eye colors?

Blue Brown Green

A

Brown > Green > Blue

Brown is dominant
Green is recessive, but dominant to blue
Blue is recessive to both

52
Q

a chart that shows the different ways alleles from 2 parents can combine and be passed on to offspring

A

Punnett Square

53
Q

What can Punnett Squares be used to determine?

A

The probability of characteristic expression in offspring

54
Q

What are the 2 types of crosses you can study using a Punnett Square?

A
  1. Monohybrid Cross
  2. Dihybrid Cross
55
Q

a genetic condition that progressively affects the retina until the feline is completely blind

A

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA-b)

56
Q

What cat breed is PRA-b commonly seen in?

A

Bengal Cats

57
Q

If a patient comes in with PRA-b, what 3 steps should you take when handling the animal?

A
  1. Talk softly in soothing tone > lets them know you’re there
  2. Allowing them to smell you before introducing physical contact
  3. Move more slowly with them
58
Q

shows the independent assortment of alleles for 2 different genes

A

Dihybrid Cross

59
Q

What is an example of a dihybrid cross?

A

Shape and Color of Peas

60
Q

On a Punnett Square, which sides are the male vs female genotypes listed?

A

Male - Left
Female - Top

61
Q

What are 3 exceptions to Mendel’s Principles (besides Linked Genes)?

A
  1. Incomplete Dominance
  2. Codominance
  3. Environmental Factors
62
Q

one phenotype does not prevail over the other and instead there’s an intermediate phenotype that’s a mix of both parents’ phenotypes for a given trait

A

Incomplete Dominance

63
Q

What are 2 examples of Incomplete Dominance expression?

A
  1. Andalusian Chickens: 1 black parent + 1 white parent > can result in a slate gray offspring
  2. Palomino Horses - 1 cream colored parent + a chestnut parent > can result in a golden blond offspring
64
Q

What type of coloring do you normally see in offspring expressing incomplete dominance?

A

Offspring’s color is between the parents’ colors

65
Q

both recessive and dominant traits are expressed together in an organism’s phenotype on different parts of the animal

A

Codominance

66
Q

What are 2 examples of Codominance expression?

A
  1. Holstein Cows - 1 black coloring allele + 1 white coloring allele > black and white spots expressed on different parts of the cow
  2. Chickens - 1 black parent + 1 white parent > can result in black + white speckles
67
Q

What type of coloring do you normally see in offspring expressing codominance?

A

pattern that shows both genes in speckles or patches

68
Q

Which allele is considered dominant in the Holstein Cows example?

A

Neither - both the black and white alleles are considered dominant

69
Q

how the external world an organism lives or develops in affects it

A

Environmental Factors

70
Q

How can environmental factors be an exception to Mendel’s Principles?

A

A homozygous recessive organism may not survive its environment and won’t reproduce

Dominant genes will predominate because there are fewer organisms with recessive genes in the population

71
Q

a coat pattern with fully pigmented hair and diluted color patches with tan or rust-colored markings and brown or blue eyes

A

Merle (Dapple)

72
Q

Dapple coats are an example of what kind of dominance?

A

Incomplete Dominance

73
Q

merle coat pattern that can display patches of white

A

Double Merle (Double Dapple)

74
Q

coat pattern that is white with colored specks and patches

75
Q

What can alert you to possible health concerns in certain animals?

A

Coat Pattern

76
Q

What are 2 (of many) dog breeds that can have merle coat patterns?

A
  1. Dachshunds
  2. Australian Shepherd
77
Q

Double Dapple patients have an increased risk of what 2 things?

A

Inherited pathology of their:
1. Eyes
2. Ears

78
Q

Nearly all white double merle patients are at an even higher risk of what 3 things?

A
  1. Skeletal Abnormalities
  2. Reproductive Abnormalities
  3. Heart Abnormalities
79
Q

Piebald Coats are an example of what type of dominance pattern?

A

Codominance

80
Q

Which coat pattern resembles a double merle but does not carry the risk of genetic abnormalities?

81
Q

Why can’t you assume every dachshund patient with white markings is a double dapple?

A

Piebald coats look similar to them

Intro to Biology for Vet Techs (12 decks)

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