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Biology > plant biology ✓ > Flashcards

plant biology ✓ Flashcards

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1
Q

what happens in photosynthesis ?

A

light energy is converted into chemical energy

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2
Q

what is the word equation for photosynthesis ?

A

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

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3
Q

what is the symbol symbol equation for photosynthesis ?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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4
Q

what factors affect the rate of photosynthesis ?

A

Temperature
Light intensity
Carbon dioxide

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5
Q

what do plants require for growth ?

A

mineral ions

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6
Q

what ions are needed for chlorophyll ?

A

magnesium

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7
Q

what ions are needed for amino acids ?

A

nitrate ions

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8
Q

what is the role of the phloem ?

A

to transport sucrose and amino acids from the leaves to other parts of the plant

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9
Q

what is the role of the xylem ?

A

to transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the rest of the pant

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10
Q

what is the origin or carbon dioxide and oxygen ?

A

waste products of metabolism

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11
Q

where is carbon dioxide and oxygen lost from the plant ?

A

the stomata of the leaf

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12
Q

how do plants respond to stimuli ?

A
  • negative tropisms the plant grows away from the stimulus

- positive tropisms the plant grows towards the stimulus

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13
Q

what are geotropic responses of roots and stems ?

A
  • roots are positively geotropic they grow towards gravity
  • the auxin is on the lower side of the root which means it grows downwards
  • stems are negatively geotropic they grow away gravity
  • the auxin is on the side closer to the light so it grows upwards
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14
Q

what are phototrophic responses of roots and stems ?

A
  • roots are negatively phototropic
  • if the root is exposed to more light the auxin moves to the shaded side
  • stems are positively geotropic
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15
Q

what is the role of auxin in the phototropic responses of stems ?

A
  • when the shoot tip is exposed to light it makes more auxin on the side that’s in the shaded than the side that’s in the light
  • this makes the cells grow faster on the shaded side so the shoot bends towards the light
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16
Q

what is an experiment to investigate photosynthesis to show the production of oxygen from a water plant ?

A
  • get a light source, ruler, boiling tube attached to clamp stand, capillary tube out of the top of boiling tube with water in and a syringe attached to the capillary tube and a ruler measuring the capillary tube
  • add sodium hydrogen carbonate to water to make sure plant has enough CO2
  • source of white light placed at specific distance from pondweed
  • leave pond weed to photosynthesise
  • as it photosynthesises oxygen released will be collected in the capillary tube
  • at end of experiment syringe use to draw bubbles of gas in tube along the ruler that is the length of capillary tube
  • this is proportional to volume of O2 produced
  • repeat experiment with light source placed at different distances from pondweed
17
Q

what is an experiment to investigate photosynthesis to show the requirements of carbon dioxide in a water plant ?

A
  • get a sealed bell jar and inside put a plant with some soda lime next to the plant with a light above and outside of the bell jar
  • soda lime will absorb CO2 out of the air in the jar
  • if you leave the plant in the jar for a while and then test the leaf for starch and the leaf will not go blue-black
  • shows that no starch has been made in the leaf which means it needs CO2 to photosynthesise
18
Q

what is an experiment to investigate photosynthesis to show the requirements of light in a water plant ?

A
  • plant that has been grown without light (in cupboard for 48 hours) means that it has used up is starch stores
  • cut a leaf from the plant and test for starch
  • leaf won’t turn blue-black
  • shows that leaf needs light for photosynthesis
19
Q

what is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction ?

A

asexual - one parent the offspring have identical genes to the parent so there’s no variation between the parent and offspring

sexual - involves the fusion of male and female gametes because there are two parents the offspring contains a mixture of their parent’s genes

20
Q

how are wind pollinated plants adapted for its pollination ?

A
  • small dull petals on flower
  • no nectaries or strong scenes
  • lots of pollen grain which are small and light
  • long filaments that hang the anthers outside the flower so that a lot of pollen gets blown away bu the wind
  • large and feathery stigma to catch pollen as its carried past the wind the stigma often hang outside of the flower
21
Q

how are insect pollinated plants adapted for its pollination ?

A
  • brightly coloured petals to attract the insects
  • scented flowers and nectaries to attract insects
  • make big sticky pollen grains the grains stick to insects as they go from plant to plant
  • stigma is also sticky so that any pollen picked up by insects on other plants will stick to the stigma
22
Q

what are nectaries ?

A

glands that secrete nectar

23
Q

how does fertilisation happen ?

A
  • pollen grain lands on the stigma of a flower
  • pollen tube grows out of the pollen grain and down through the style to the ovary and into the ovule
  • nucleus from the male gamete moves down the tube to join with a female gamete in the ovule
  • each fertilised female gamete forms a seed the ovary develops into a fruit around the seed
24
Q

what is fertilisation ?

A

is when two nuclei fuse together to make a zygote

25
Q

what is an experiment to investigate the conditions needed for seed germination ?

A
  • take four boiling tubs and put some cotton wool at the bottom of each one
    TUBE 1: water, oxygen, room temperature
    TUBE 2: no water, oxygen, room temperature
    TUBE 3: water, oxygen, low temperature (in fridge)
    TUBE 4: water, no oxygen (layer of oil on top of boiled water to stop oxygen), room temperature
  • put 10 seeds on top of the cotton wool in each boiling tube
  • leave tubs for few days
  • germination will only happen in tube 1
  • all conditions in tube 1 are needed for germination
26
Q

how do germinating plants survive when they can’t photosynthesise ?

A

they utilise all of their food reserves until the seedling can carry out photosynthesis

27
Q

how can plants reproduce asexually by natural methods (runners) ?

A
  • parent strawberry plant sends out runners (fast growing stems that grow out sideways just above ground)
  • runners take root at various points and new plants start to grow
  • the new plants are clones of the parent strawberry plant so there’s no genetic variation between them
28
Q

how can plants reproduce asexually by artificial methods (cuttings) ?

A
  • gardeners can take cuttings from good parent plants and then plant them to reproduce genetically identical copies of the parent plant
  • these plants can be produced quickly and cheaply

Biology (13 decks)

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