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Biology > biological enzymes and food and digestion ✓ > Flashcards

biological enzymes and food and digestion ✓ Flashcards

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1
Q

what elements are in carbohydrates proteins and lipids ?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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2
Q

what is the difference between fat and oil ?

A

oils - are lipids with unsaturated fatty acids which are liquid at room temperature
fats - are lipids with saturated fatty acids which tend to be solid at room temperature

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3
Q

what are proteins made of ?

A

amino acids

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4
Q

what are lipids made up of ?

A

a single glycerol with 3 fatty acids

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5
Q

what is the test for starch and what are the results ?

A
  • add a few drops of iodine

- if the colour changes from brown to blue black there is starch present

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6
Q

what is the test for glucose and what are the results ?

A
  • add 1cm³ of Benedicts reagent to substance
  • place in a hot water bath (70-80°C) and leave in there for 3-5 minutes
  • colour change: - blue to green = some glucose
  • blue to red = lots of glucose
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7
Q

what is the test for protein and what are the results ?

A
  • add 2cm³ of Biuret reagent to substance
  • gently shake
  • if protein is present solution will change from blue to pink or purple
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8
Q

what is the test for fat and what are the results ?

A
  • chop or grind a small amount of food and put some into a clean dry test tube
  • add some absolute pure alcohol (ethanol)
  • shake it thoroughly
  • put some distilled water in another tube
  • pour some of the liquid part but not any solid from the first tube into the water
  • a milky appearance shows that there is faith in the food
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9
Q

what does catalyst mean ?

A

a catalyst speeds up a reaction without chemically changing itself

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10
Q

what are enzymes ?

A

they are a type of protein

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11
Q

what does substrate mean ?

A

is a chemical that the enzymes act upon

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12
Q

what does active site mean ?

A

a site is where a chemical reaction takes place

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13
Q

what does product mean ?

A

anything that is made after the reaction has taken place

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14
Q

what happens when the temperature is increased in an enzyme reaction ?

A
  • as temperature increases more kinetic energy is added so the reaction is speeded up
  • when the enzymes are heated up so much the enzymes denature
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15
Q

what happens if the pH of an enzyme is changed drastically from its optimum ?

A
  • the enzyme is denatured

- or destroyed

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16
Q

what are the 7 food groups ?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids (fats)
  • dairy
  • minerals
  • vitamins
  • dietary fibre
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17
Q

what is the role of carbohydrates ?

A
  • provides energy
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18
Q

what is the role of proteins ?

A
  • growth and repair of tissues

- provide energy in emergencies

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19
Q

what is the role of lipids (fats) ?

A
  • provide energy
  • act as an energy store
  • provide insulation
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20
Q

what is the role of mineral calcium ?

A
  • needed to make bones and teeth
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21
Q

what is the role of the mineral iron ?

A
  • needed to make healthy haemoglobin for healthy blood
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22
Q

what is the role of the vitamin A ?

A
  • helps improve vision

- keeps skin and hair healthy

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23
Q

what is the role of the vitamin C ?

A
  • needed to prevent scurvy
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24
Q

what is the role of the vitamin D ?

A
  • needed for calcium absorption
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25
Q

what is the role of dietary fibre ?

A
  • aids the movement of food though the gut
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26
Q

what is an example of proteins ?

A
  • meat

- fish

27
Q

what is an example of lipids (fats) ?

A
  • butter

- oily fish

28
Q

what is an example of the mineral calcium ?

A
  • milk

- cheese

29
Q

what is an example of mineral iron ?

A
  • red meat

- leafy veg

30
Q

what is an example of vitamin A ?

A
  • liver
31
Q

what is an example of vitamin C ?

A
  • citric fruit
32
Q

what is an example of vitamin D ?

A
  • eggs
33
Q

what is an example of dietary fibre ?

A
  • wholemeal bread

- fruit

34
Q

what is an example of carbohydrates ?

A
  • pasta

- bread

35
Q

what is the alimentary canal ?

A

it is another word for the gut

36
Q

what is the role of the mouth ?

A

where food enters the alimentary canal and digestion begins

37
Q

what is the role of the salivary glands ?

A

produces saliva containing amylase which breaks down starch into maltose

38
Q

what is the role of oesophagus ?

A

muscular tube which moves ingested food from the mouth to the stomach

39
Q

what is the role of the stomach ?

A
  • muscular organs
  • contains the enzymes pepsin which breaks down proteins into amino acids
  • gastric acid to kill bacteria
40
Q

what is the role of the pancreas ?

A
  • produces amylase which breaks down starch into maltase
  • lipase which breaks down lipids into glycerol
  • protease which breaks down proteins into amino acids
  • released into the small intestine
41
Q

what is the role of the liver ?

A
  • produces bile

- bile breaks down large fat globules into smaller droplets

42
Q

what is the role of the gall bladder ?

A
  • stores bile before releasing it into the duodenum
43
Q

what is the role of the small intestine - duodenum ?

A
  • where food is mixed with digestive enzymes and bile
44
Q

what is the role of the small intestine - ileum ?

A
  • where digested food is absorbed into the blood and lymph
45
Q

what is the role of the large intestine - colon ?

A
  • where water is absorbed
46
Q

what is the role of the large intestine - rectum ?

A
  • where faeces is stored
47
Q

what is the role of the large intestine - anus ?

A
  • where faeces leaves the alimentary canal
48
Q

what is peristalsis ?

A

is the movement of food along the digestive system by muscular contractions

49
Q

what breaks down protein ?

A

protease

50
Q

what breaks down lipids ?

A

lipase

51
Q

what breaks down starch ?

A

amylase

52
Q

what breaks down maltose ?

A

maltase

53
Q

what is protein turned into ?

A

amino acids

54
Q

what are lipids turned into ?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

55
Q

what is starch turned into ?

A

maltose (disaccharide)

56
Q

what is maltose turned into ?

A

glucose

57
Q

where is bile made ?

A

in the liver

58
Q

where is bile stored ?

A

in the gall bladder

59
Q

what is the role of bile ?

A
  • it emulsifies fats

- it neutralises stomach acids

60
Q

how do enzymes catalyse reactions ?

A

they speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy

61
Q

what does denature mean ?

A

it is when the enzymes change their active site the substrate will not fit in the lock

62
Q

what does the shape of the substrate relate to ?

A

the shape of the active site

63
Q

how is the small intestine adapted for absorption ?

A
  • are very long

- have villi and microvilli to increase the surface area

64
Q

what are carbohydrates made of ?

A

sugar

Biology (13 decks)

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