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Biology > inheritance ✓ > Flashcards

inheritance ✓ Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is genome ?

A

is the entire DNA of an organism

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2
Q

what is a gene ?

A

is a section of a molecule of DNA that codes for a specific protein

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3
Q

what does the nucleus contain ?

A

chromosomes and genes

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4
Q

what are genes found on and where are they located in ?

A

found on chromosomes in the nucleus

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5
Q

what forms do genes exist as and what are they called ?

A

they exist in alternative forms called alleles

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6
Q

what is a chromosome ?

A

are long threads in the nucleus

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7
Q

what does dominant mean ?

A

an allele that always expresses itself if it is present

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8
Q

what does recessive mean ?

A

an allele which only expresses itself when there is no dominant allele present

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9
Q

what does homozygous mean ?

A

both the alleles for a gene are the same

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10
Q

what does heterozygous mean ?

A

the alleles for a gene are different

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11
Q

what is a phenotype ?

A

the way a gene works or expresses itself in practice (eye colour)

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12
Q

what is a genotype ?

A

the type of alleles present for a particular gene or genes (Bb)

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13
Q

what are most phenotypic features resulted by ?

A

the polygenetic inheritance rather than single genes

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14
Q

how are patterns of monohybrid inheritance described by ?

A

using a genetic diagram

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15
Q

how is the sex of a person controlled by ?

A

by one pair of chromosomes

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16
Q

what are the pair of chromosomes for a female ?

A

XX

17
Q

what are the pair of chromosomes for a male ?

A

XY

18
Q

how can the determination of offspring at fertilised be described ?

A

by using a genetic diagram

19
Q

if the division of a diploid cell happens by mitosis what will be produced ?

A

two cells that contain identical sets of chromosomes

20
Q

what are the four moments when mitosis will occur ?

A
  • growth
  • repair
  • cloning
  • asexual reproduction
21
Q

if the division of a cell happens by meiosis what will be produced and what does this result in ?

A

four cells each with half the number of chromosomes - results in the formation of genetically different haploid gametes

22
Q

what does random fertilisation produce ?

A

genetic variation of offspring

23
Q

in human cells what is the diploid number of chromosomes ?

A

46

24
Q

in human cells what is the haploid number of chromosomes ?

A

23

25
Q

what three aspects can cause variation within a species ?

A
  • genetic
  • environment
  • both genetic and environmental
26
Q

what is a mutation ?

A

a rare random change in genetic material that can be inherited

27
Q

what is Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection ?

A

Darwin though that species change over time and that similar species developed from a common ancestor by a process of gradual change

28
Q

what six points were Darwin’s ideas based on ?

A
  • variations between individuals of same species
  • organisms often produce a lot of offspring
  • individuals with alleles for feature that help them survive will live long enough to reproduce
  • individuals with beneficial alleles are selected for by the environment
  • individuals that survive will live long enough to reproduce to pass on their beneficial alleles to their offspring
  • will result in more individuals in the population with the beneficial alleles
29
Q

what can resistance to antibiotics increase and lead to ?

A

increase in bacterial populations which can lead to infections being difficult to control

30
Q

what can selective breeding develop in plants and animals ?

A

desired characteristics

31
Q

what are restriction enzymes used to do in genetic modification ?

A

to cut DNA at specific sites

32
Q

what are ligase enzymes used to do in genetic modification ?

A

used to join pieces of DNA together

33
Q

what can plasmids and viruses act as and what do they do ?

A

act as vectors which take up pieces of DNA and insert this recombinant DNA into other cells

34
Q

how can human insulin be manufactured ?

A

by genetically modified bacteria which are grown in a fermenter

35
Q

what is the purpose of genetically modified plants ?

A

improve food production

36
Q

what does transgenic mean ?

A

the transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species

37
Q

how does the process micropropagation work ?

A
  • take explants from the parent plant
  • transfer to plates containing sterile agar jelly
  • add plant hormones to stimulate the plant cells to divide
  • cells grow rapidly into small masses of plant tissue
  • add more plant hormones to stimulate the growth of roots and stems
  • transfer the plantlets into potting trays, where they develop into plants

Biology (13 decks)

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