Plant Bio Slides III Flashcards
What is the function of the stamen?
Release pollen
What is the stamen made of?
Anther and Filament
What is the carpel made of?
- Stigma
- Style
- Ovary
- Ovule
What is etiolation?
Morphological adaptations for growing in the darkness
What is the response resulting in a curvature of the plant either to or away the stimulus?
Tropism
What is Auxin?
A growth-promoting chemical produced in the apical meristem, young leaves, and the embryo
What is Gibberellin?
Stem elongation
What are major classes of light receptors?
- Blue-light photoreceptors
- Phytochromes
What are phytochromes?
Light receptors that provide the plant with information about the quality of light
Thigmotropism is the plant growth response to
Touch
Thigmotropism occurs in
Vines and climbing plants
Some plants undergo rapid leaf movements in response to mechanical stimulation. This is due to
Action Potential
How do plants act during a drought?
They close up their stomata to reduce water loss
How do plants act during a flooding?
They form air tubes which allow for survival in oxygen deprived areas
How do plants act within salty environments?
They produce solutes at high concentration to avoid osmotic water loss
How do plants act within the heat?
They synthesize heat shock proteins which reduce protein denaturation
How do plants act within cold temperatures?
They adjust membrane fluidity, avoid osmotic water loss and produce antifreeze proteins
Plants utilize defense systems to
- Deter herbivory
- Prevent infection
- Combat pathogens
What is the plant’s main line of defense against infection?
The barrier of the epidermis and the periderm
How do pathogens enter a plant?
Via wounds or natural openings (stomata)
What are the two forms of Immune response?
- PAMP-triggered Immunity
- Effector-triggered Immunity
What is PAMP-triggered Immunity based on?
The plant’s ability to recognize PAMPs
What are Effectors?
Pathogen-encoded proteins cripple the host’s innate immune system
PAMPS are specific to
Certain pathogens
What happens when a plant recognizes PAMP?
There are signaling events which dictate the production of antimicrobial chemicals and toughening of the cell wall
What happens when Pathogens deliver these Effectors?
They suppress PAMP-triggered immunity
Plants fight against herbivory by:
- Toxins (molecular level)
- Crystals
- Dense tissues
- Phonemes (chemicals that trigger defense responses in nearby members)
- Masting (mass seed production)
What is primary growth?
The lengthening of the roots and shoots
What is secondary growth?
The increase of diameter in stems and roots in woody plants
The plant body is produced by
- Growth
- Morphogenesis
- Cell differentiation
Vascular plants have
Roots, stems, and leaves
What is the function of roots?
Take up water and minerals from the ground
The shoot system of a plant is the stuff
Above the ground
The root system of a plant is the stuff
Below the ground
The absorption of water and minerals happens
Near the tips of the roots
What are root hairs?
Extensions near the root tip that increase the absorptive surface of the root
Root systems form
Mycorrhizal associations with fungi
The nodes of the stem are where the
Leaves are attached
The internodes are the
Areas of the stem that are in between nodes
What is the function of the stem?
It elongates and orients the shoot to maximize photosynthesis
Leaves consist of
A blade and the petiole (joins leaf to node)
Leaves develop from
The leaf primordia found along apical meristem
What are the stomata?
Pores in the epidermis that allow for gas exchange and evaporation of H2O
What regulates the opening and closing of the stomata?
Guard cells
What are the three types of tissues found in plants?
- Vascular
- Dermal
- Ground
What is the function of the vascular tissue?
It facilitates the transport of material through the plant and provides mechanical support
Phloem transfers sugar to
Storage structures
What allows for the continuous growth of plants?
Meristems
What are meristems?
Unspecialized tissues of dividing cells
Secondary growth is rare in monocots but can be found in
Gymnosperms and eudicots
Large xylem is produced during the
Wet season
Small xylem is produced during the
Dry season
What is the sapwood?
The outer layers of the secondary xylem
