Plant Bio Slides Flashcards
What are protocells?
Aggregates of O2 molecules
Protocells are surrounded by
A lipid-like membrane
What happens to phospholipids when they come in contact with water?
They assemble themselves into bilayers
Sedimentary rocks are deposited into layers called
Strata
What are the eons of the Geological Record?
- Hadean
- Archaean
- Proterozoic
- Phanerozoic
The Phanerozoic Eon can be divided into which Eras?
- Paleozoic
- Mesozoic
- Cenozoic
What were the Earth’s sole living inhabitants from 3.8 to 2 billion years ago?
Prokaryotes
The earliest prokaryotes did not
Produce Oxygen
Oxygen photosynthesis began about
3.5 billion years ago
First eukaryotes emerged at about
2.1 billion years ago
The first eukaryotes originated via
Endosymbiosis with mitochondria and plastids
What is characteristic of mitochondria and plastids?
- Double membrane
- Circular DNA
- Prokaryotic-like ribosomes
- Replicate via division
What emerged from the Cambrian explosion?
New phyla with new body plans
What is Heterochrony?
The alteration of reproductive development timing relative to the development of nonreproductive organs
What is paedomorphosis?
The rate of reproductive development accelerating compared to somatic development
Which genes determine aspects like where the wings and legs might develop on a bird? How about the arrangement of flower parts?
Homeotic genes
What are factors that can alter allele frequency?
- Genetic Drift
- Gene Flow
- Natural Selection
What is Gene Flow?
The movement of fertile individuals or alleles between populations
What are two methods of Speciation?
- Allopatric
- Sympatric
What is Allopatric Speciation a result of?
Geographical Separation
Sympatric Speciation consists of
- Pre-zygotic barriers like mating and fertilization
- Post-zygotic barriers
What is the region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids?
Hybrid zone
What are the three Domains of Life?
- Eukarya
- Archaea
- Bacteria
Protists are
Eukaryotes and unicellular
Most protists can be found in
Aquatic and moist terrestrial environments
Protists act like
Food for other organisms
Which eukaryotes exhibit the most structural and functional diversity?
Protists
What are the three types of protists?
- Photoautotrophs
- Heterotrophs
- Mixotrophs
What are Photoautotrophic protists?
Ones which contain chloroplasts
What are Heterotrophic protists?
Ones which absorb Oxygen or ingest food particles
What are Mixotrophs?
Protists which combine both photosynthesis and heterotrophic behavior
How are protists reproductively?
Can be either asexual or sexual
What are the two key roles of protists?
- Symbiont
- Producer
What are the most abundant organisms on earth that are able to thrive anywhere?
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are mostly
Unicellular
What are the types of shapes prokaryotes come in?
- Cocci (spherical)
- Bacilli (Rods)
- Spirals
Eukaryotic cell walls are made of either
- Cellulose (plants)
- Chitin (fungi)
Bacterial cell walls are made of
Peptidoglycan
What is Peptidoglycan?
A network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides
How do antibiotics work?
They target Peptidoglycan to damage the correct cell walls
What is a capsule?
A sticky outer layer of a polysaccharide or protein
A capsule allows for the
Adherence to a substrate
What is the function of a bacteria’s capsule?
It shields the bacteria from the host’s immune system
Many prokaryotes form metabolically inactive
Endospores
Prokaryotes have hair like appendages called
Fimbriae
What is the function of the Fimbriae?
They allow for prokaryotes to stick to a substrate or other individuals in a colony
What allows for prokaryotes to exchange DNA?
Pilli
What are longer, pilli or fimbriae?
Pilli
About half of prokaryotes exhibit taxis, which is the
Ability to move towards or away from a stimulus
Chemotaxis is the
Movement either towards or away from a chemical stimulus
