Plant Bio Slides II Flashcards
Prokaryotes are able to reproduce quickly via
Binary fission, which occurs every 1 to 3 hours
Prokaryotes have genetic variation due to
- Mutation
- Rapid reproduction
- Genetic recombination
Prokaryotic DNA of different individuals can be brought together via
- Conjugation (transfer of plasmids)
- Transformation (naked plasma transfer)
- Transduction
What is horizontal gene transfer?
The movement of genes among individuals of different species
What are the four major modes of nutrition in prokaryotes?
- Photo-autotroph
- Photo-heterotroph
- Chemo-autotroph
- Chemo-heterotroph
What happens during Nitrogen Fixation?
Prokaryotes convert N2 to NH3
Archaea share traits with
Both bacteria and eukaryotes
What are the three types of Archaea?
- Extremophiles
- Extreme Halophiles
- Extreme Thermophiles
What are Extremophiles?
Archaea living in extreme environments
What are Extreme Halophiles?
Archaea that live in highly saline environments
What are Extreme Thermophiles?
Archaea that live in extreme temperatures
What do prokaryotes contribute to the earth?
They recycle chemical elements between the living and nonliving portions
Some chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes are able to function as
Decomposers
What kind of relationships do prokaryotes often form?
Symbiotic relationships
What happens in commensalism?
One organism benefits while neither harming or helping the other
What happens in parasitism?
The parasite does not kill the host
What are pathogens?
Parasites that cause disease
Bacteria are able to control their host by
Producing molecules
What are the bacterial molecules used to control the host?
- Hormones for appetite and mood
- Signaling molecules for inflammation and disease
Antibiotics work by
Attracting targets different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
What are cyanobacteria?
Photoautotrophs that generate Oxygen
Cyanobacteria evolved into
Chloroplasts
What are cyanotoxins?
Powerful natural poisons
What are the types of cyanotoxins?
- Neurotoxins
- Hepatotoxins
- Cytotoxins
- Endotoxins
Plants evolved from
Green algae
What is another name for green algae?
Charophytes
Mosses and nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by
Haploid gametophytes
Which plants were to first to grow tall?
Seedless, Vascular plants
What plant adaptions were key for life on dry land?
Seeds and pollen
Most gymnosperms are
Conifers
What are gymnosperms?
Plants with naked seeds on their sporophylls
What are the reproductive adaptations of angiosperms?
- Flower
- Fruit
What is the fruit of an angiosperm?
Mature ovaries which contain seeds
Algae are not plants but are
Photosynthetic protists
What are traits found in all plants minus charophytes?
- Alternation of generations
- Multicellular and dependent embryos
- Spores in the sporangia
- Multicellular Gametangia
- Apical Meristems
What is the sporangia?
A receptacle in which asexual spores are formed
What is the Alternation of generations experienced by plants?
One form is diploid, with 2n chromosomes: the sporophyte.
The other form is haploid with only one set of chromosomes: the gametophyte.
What are small, woody plants?
Bryophytes
What are the three types of Bryophytes?
- Liverworts
- Mosses
- Hornworts
What are the earliest lineages to diverge from the common ancestor of land plants?
- Liverworts
- Mosses
- Hornworts
Which plant is found in Phylum Hepatophyta?
Liverworts
Which plant is found in Phylum Bryophata?
Moss
Which plant is found in Phylum Anthocerophyta?
Hornworts
True plants grow at their
Apical Meristems
What are tardigrades?
Waterbears found on moss
What is significant about tardigrades?
They are resilient to desiccation, extreme temperatures, vaccuum and space
What do Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular plants have in common?
They both have flagellated sperm and are found in moist environments
Describe ferns and their allies:
- Vascular Tissues
- Well-developed roots and leaves
- Dominant sporophyte generation
Xylem is vascular plant tissue that transports
Water and minerals with tube-shaped tracheid cells
Phloem is vascular plant tissue that
Has cells arranged into tubes to distribute sugars and Amino Acids
All seed plants have
- Reduced gametophytes (or microscope “genitalia”)
- Heterospory (micro and mega spores for gametophytes)
- Ovules
- Pollen (male gametophyte)
- Seeds
Seeds contain
Food supply for the embryo
The protective seed coat comes from
The mother
What happens if the sporophyte is the main generation?
There is more genetic variety due to being diploid
Angiosperms are the most
Widespread and diverse
What are examples of Angiosperms?
- Flowers
- Fruits
Fruits are formed when the
Ovary wall thickens and matures
Flowering plants can be divided into
- Dicots
- Monocots
Dicots and Monocots differ in the number of
Cotyledons, or embryonic leaves, found
The clade eudicot includes
Most dicots
