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OAT Bio > Plant Bio Slides II > Flashcards

Plant Bio Slides II Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes are able to reproduce quickly via

A

Binary fission, which occurs every 1 to 3 hours

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2
Q

Prokaryotes have genetic variation due to

A
  • Mutation
  • Rapid reproduction
  • Genetic recombination
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3
Q

Prokaryotic DNA of different individuals can be brought together via

A
  • Conjugation (transfer of plasmids)
  • Transformation (naked plasma transfer)
  • Transduction
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4
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

The movement of genes among individuals of different species

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5
Q

What are the four major modes of nutrition in prokaryotes?

A
  • Photo-autotroph
  • Photo-heterotroph
  • Chemo-autotroph
  • Chemo-heterotroph
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6
Q

What happens during Nitrogen Fixation?

A

Prokaryotes convert N2 to NH3

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7
Q

Archaea share traits with

A

Both bacteria and eukaryotes

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8
Q

What are the three types of Archaea?

A
  • Extremophiles
  • Extreme Halophiles
  • Extreme Thermophiles
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9
Q

What are Extremophiles?

A

Archaea living in extreme environments

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10
Q

What are Extreme Halophiles?

A

Archaea that live in highly saline environments

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11
Q

What are Extreme Thermophiles?

A

Archaea that live in extreme temperatures

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12
Q

What do prokaryotes contribute to the earth?

A

They recycle chemical elements between the living and nonliving portions

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13
Q

Some chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes are able to function as

A

Decomposers

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14
Q

What kind of relationships do prokaryotes often form?

A

Symbiotic relationships

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15
Q

What happens in commensalism?

A

One organism benefits while neither harming or helping the other

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16
Q

What happens in parasitism?

A

The parasite does not kill the host

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17
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Parasites that cause disease

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18
Q

Bacteria are able to control their host by

A

Producing molecules

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19
Q

What are the bacterial molecules used to control the host?

A
  • Hormones for appetite and mood

- Signaling molecules for inflammation and disease

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20
Q

Antibiotics work by

A

Attracting targets different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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21
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A

Photoautotrophs that generate Oxygen

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22
Q

Cyanobacteria evolved into

A

Chloroplasts

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23
Q

What are cyanotoxins?

A

Powerful natural poisons

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24
Q

What are the types of cyanotoxins?

A
  • Neurotoxins
  • Hepatotoxins
  • Cytotoxins
  • Endotoxins
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25
Q

Plants evolved from

A

Green algae

26
Q

What is another name for green algae?

A

Charophytes

27
Q

Mosses and nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by

A

Haploid gametophytes

28
Q

Which plants were to first to grow tall?

A

Seedless, Vascular plants

29
Q

What plant adaptions were key for life on dry land?

A

Seeds and pollen

30
Q

Most gymnosperms are

A

Conifers

31
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

Plants with naked seeds on their sporophylls

32
Q

What are the reproductive adaptations of angiosperms?

A
  • Flower

- Fruit

33
Q

What is the fruit of an angiosperm?

A

Mature ovaries which contain seeds

34
Q

Algae are not plants but are

A

Photosynthetic protists

35
Q

What are traits found in all plants minus charophytes?

A
  • Alternation of generations
  • Multicellular and dependent embryos
  • Spores in the sporangia
  • Multicellular Gametangia
  • Apical Meristems
36
Q

What is the sporangia?

A

A receptacle in which asexual spores are formed

37
Q

What is the Alternation of generations experienced by plants?

A

One form is diploid, with 2n chromosomes: the sporophyte.

The other form is haploid with only one set of chromosomes: the gametophyte.

38
Q

What are small, woody plants?

A

Bryophytes

39
Q

What are the three types of Bryophytes?

A
  • Liverworts
  • Mosses
  • Hornworts
40
Q

What are the earliest lineages to diverge from the common ancestor of land plants?

A
  • Liverworts
  • Mosses
  • Hornworts
41
Q

Which plant is found in Phylum Hepatophyta?

A

Liverworts

42
Q

Which plant is found in Phylum Bryophata?

A

Moss

43
Q

Which plant is found in Phylum Anthocerophyta?

A

Hornworts

44
Q

True plants grow at their

A

Apical Meristems

45
Q

What are tardigrades?

A

Waterbears found on moss

46
Q

What is significant about tardigrades?

A

They are resilient to desiccation, extreme temperatures, vaccuum and space

47
Q

What do Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular plants have in common?

A

They both have flagellated sperm and are found in moist environments

48
Q

Describe ferns and their allies:

A
  • Vascular Tissues
  • Well-developed roots and leaves
  • Dominant sporophyte generation
49
Q

Xylem is vascular plant tissue that transports

A

Water and minerals with tube-shaped tracheid cells

50
Q

Phloem is vascular plant tissue that

A

Has cells arranged into tubes to distribute sugars and Amino Acids

51
Q

All seed plants have

A
  • Reduced gametophytes (or microscope “genitalia”)
  • Heterospory (micro and mega spores for gametophytes)
  • Ovules
  • Pollen (male gametophyte)
  • Seeds
52
Q

Seeds contain

A

Food supply for the embryo

53
Q

The protective seed coat comes from

A

The mother

54
Q

What happens if the sporophyte is the main generation?

A

There is more genetic variety due to being diploid

55
Q

Angiosperms are the most

A

Widespread and diverse

56
Q

What are examples of Angiosperms?

A
  • Flowers

- Fruits

57
Q

Fruits are formed when the

A

Ovary wall thickens and matures

58
Q

Flowering plants can be divided into

A
  • Dicots

- Monocots

59
Q

Dicots and Monocots differ in the number of

A

Cotyledons, or embryonic leaves, found

60
Q

The clade eudicot includes

A

Most dicots

OAT Bio (24 decks)

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