Kingdom Plantae Flashcards
Plants evolved from
Green algae (charophytes)
Land plants experience life cycle called the
Alternation of generations
The Alternation of generates life cycle consists of
Two multicellular stages: Gametophyte + Sporophyte stage
What happens in the Gametophyte stage?
Plant cells are haploid and gametes are produced
What happens in the Sporophyte stage?
Plant cells are diploid, with a diploid zygote forming. Spores are also produced via meiosis
Zygote develops from the
Tissues of the female parent
What is Gametangia?
Production of gametes in multicellular organs
What is the female gametangia called?
Archegonia
The Archegonia produces
A single egg
What is the male gametangia called?
Antheridia
The Antheridia produces
Many sperm
Bryophytes consist of
Mosses, liverworts + hornworts
Bryophytes are dominated by which part of the life cycle?
Gametophytes
Are Bryophytes vascular or avascular?
Avascular, lacking both xylem and phloem
Bryophytes are in need of water so the
Sperm can swim to the egg for fertilization
Bryophytes are the smallest + simplest
Sporophytes
Ferns + Other Seedless Vascular Plants consist of
Club mosses + horsetails
Like Bryophytes, Ferns are also in need of
Water for sperm to swim to egg
What is the dominant stage for Ferns?
Sporophyte
For Ferns, meiosis produces haploid spores which then grow into
Gametophytes
What are Seeds?
Multicellular plant embryos packaged with a food supply in a protective coat
Seeds have reduced gametophytes, so they depend entirely on
Sporophyte for food and protection
Seeds + pollen grains display Heterospory, which is when
Megaspores produce female gametes and microspores produce male gametes
An ovule is made of
Megasporangium, megaspore + protective tissue
What is the Pollen?
Male gametophyte with two sperm nuclei
Pollens have a
Waterproof coat
Gymnosperms are
Naked seeds not enclosed in ovaries
Gymnosperms are conifers consisting of
Pines, spruces, firs + redwoods
Angiosperms are
Flowering plants
The Flower of angiosperms consists of
Sepals, petals, stamens + carpels
What is the Stamen?
Male reproductive structures
What is the function of the Stamen?
Produce microspores in the anthers that develop into pollen grains
What are the Carpels?
Female reproductive structures
What is the function of the Carpel?
Produce megaspores and female gametophytes with eggs
The fruit is the
Mature ovary of the plant
The fruit is formed due to the
Thickening of the Ovary
What is the function of the fruit?
Allows for seed dispersion of angiosperms
Angiosperms can be divided into
- Monocots
- Eudicots
What are monocots?
Angiosperms with:
- One cotyledon in the seed
- parallel leaf venation
- Flowering parts in multiples of threes
What are examples of monocots?
Orchids, flowers, lilies
What are eudicots?
Angiosperms with:
- Two cotyledons in the seed
- Net leaf venation
- Flowering parts in multiples of 4 or 5
What are examples of eudicots?
Roses, peas, beans, oaks
